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. 2018 Apr 3;8:5575. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-23881-7

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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IFN-γ modulates TGF-ß1-induced cytokine and adhesion molecule expression of cardiac fibroblasts. To determine the inflammatory phenotype after stimulation with TGF-ß1, IFN-γ, or both, the mRNA expression of (A) TNF-α, (B) IL-6, (C) ICAM-1, and (D) VCAM-1 was investigated. Bar graphs represent the mean ± SEM of 3 independent experiments after normalization to the corresponding control fibroblasts. Statistical analysis was performed by One way-ANOVA or Kruskal Wallis test (^#p < 0.05 vs co, *p < 0.05 vs TGF-β1, ^§p < 0.05 vs IFN-γ).