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. 2018 Apr 3;8:5452. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-23740-5

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Observations of P. lessonae in 17 ponds in Forsmark between mid-May and the end of August 2016. Left) Heatmap showing eDNA concentration in pg per litre (blue) and the number of frogs observed with traditional methods (pink). Right) Between-pond variation in the predicted probability of observing frogs estimated from a joint logistic regression of the two methods. (Bars represent the average of both methods in June). “Months” corresponds to the life-cycle as follows: spawning season (May-June), tadpoles (July) and small and adult frogs (August). a = mean value from three separate visits.