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. 2018 Apr 3;8:5518. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-23749-w

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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B. leachii phylogenetic position and life cycle. (A) Schematic showing phylogeny of tunicates with respect to the chordate clade (consensus based on^4,146,147). (B) Life cycle of B. leachii. The colony expands and grows by asexual reproduction (right loop). During favourable conditions such as warmer water temperatures, members of the colonies start sexual reproduction (left loop). The embryo develops viviparously within the colony in brood pouches until hatching. Motile larvae attach to nearby substrates and begin metamorphosis into oozooids. Abbreviations: zooid (z), system (y), tunic (c), vascular system (v), terminal ampullae (a), buccal siphon (p_b), atrial siphon (p_a), fertilized oocyte (o), notochord (n), larval tadpole (l), oozooid (z_o), bud (b), budlet (b_t), regressing zooid (r).