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. 2018 Apr 3;8:5518. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-23749-w

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Evolution of the RA pathway in tunicates. (A) Overview of the RA synthesis and degradation pathway. In bold are the major proteins that contribute to RA signalling during animal development. Indicated below these are changes to the number of copies present in examined genomes. (B) Maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree depicting the relationship between invertebrate and vertebrate CYP26 proteins using CYP4 and CYP51 proteins as an out-group. Tunicate proteins are shown in bold. No Cyp26 gene has been identified in the O. dioica genome⁸¹. Values for the approximate likelihood-ratio test (aLRT) are indicated.