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. 2018 Apr 3;8:5555. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-23921-2

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Schematics of the self-similar architecture of biogenic silica showing a hierarchical organization of particles with high surface area and accessibility (a). Various interactions between the carrier (biogenic silica) and the biocide (thymol) are expected to promote dynamic loading and release (b). Transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy images indicate the characteristic architectures of biogenic silica particles, drawn also in (a), covering a wide range of characteristic sizes, with particles of tens of nanometers (far right, TEM image) to organized, larger structures shown on the far left as an SEM image with a scale bar of 500 nm (c).