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. 2018 Apr 3;8:5451. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-23806-4

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Methylglyoxal detoxification pathway: MG is a toxic metabolite produced in the cell. The detoxification of MG is carried out by various pathways; major one being glyoxalase system that consists of two enzymes, Glyoxalase I and II. Glyoxalase I enzyme converts MG into S-D-lactoyl glutathione which is converted to D-lactate by Glyoxalase II. Glyoxalase III converts MG directly into D-lactate without using any cofactor. Further another enzyme, D-LDH converts this D-lactate into D-pyruvate which goes to TCA cycle. Thus, the toxic MG is diverted to produce energy for the cell.