Table 3.
Comparison dsd-LIFE participants to reference populations per country
| Country | WHOQOL-BREF | Reference population | Study participants (dsd-LIFE) | p-value | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | Mean | SD | n | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | ||||
| [0–100] | [0–100] | [4-20] | [4-20] | ||||||||
| France | |||||||||||
| Physical health | Healthy | 12,186 | 80.2 | 11.0 | 249 | 71.2 | 16.8 | 15.4 | 2.7 | 4.1 E-36 | |
| Psychological | 12,186 | 67.7 | 11.0 | 251 | 65.7 | 17.4 | 14.5 | 2.8 | 4.5 E-03 | ||
| Social relationships | 12,186 | 75.4 | 11.0 | 250 | 65.7 | 19.6 | 14.5 | 3.1 | 1.9 E-41 | ||
| Environment | – | – | – | 249 | 73.9 | 14.6 | 15.7 | 2.3 | – | ||
| Physical health | Non-healthy | 4192 | 66.4 | 19.4 | 249 | 71.2 | 16.8 | 15.4 | 2.7 | 1.4 E-04 | |
| Psychological | 4192 | 64.9 | 13.0 | 251 | 65.7 | 17.4 | 14.5 | 2.8 | n.s.* | ||
| Social relationships | 4192 | 71.5 | 19.4 | 250 | 65.7 | 19.6 | 14.5 | 3.1 | 3.9 E-06 | ||
| Environment | – | – | – | 249 | 73.3 | 14.6 | 15.7 | 2.3 | – | ||
| Germany | |||||||||||
| Physical health | Healthy | 2052 | 76.9 | 17.7 | 238 | 73.0 | 19.3 | 15.7 | 3.1 | 1.3 E-03 | |
| Psychological | 2055 | 74.0 | 15.7 | 239 | 65.0 | 19.3 | 14.4 | 3.1 | 4.6 E-16 | ||
| Social relationships | 2048 | 71.8 | 18.5 | 239 | 62.3 | 22.2 | 14.0 | 3.6 | 2.9 E-13 | ||
| Environment | 2053 | 70.4 | 14.2 | 239 | 75.1 | 14.6 | 16.0 | 2.3 | 1.6 E-06 | ||
| Physical health | Non-healthy (physical) | 261 | 53.4 | 20.3 | 238 | 73.0 | 19.3 | 15.7 | 3.1 | 2.0 E-25 | |
| Psychological | 261 | 62.7 | 16.3 | 239 | 65.0 | 19.3 | 14.4 | 3.1 | n.s.* | ||
| Social relationships | 261 | 68.0 | 16.9 | 239 | 62.3 | 22.2 | 14.0 | 3.6 | 1.3 E-03 | ||
| Environment | 261 | 67.2 | 13.4 | 239 | 75.1 | 14.6 | 16.0 | 2.3 | 7.4 E-10 | ||
| Physical health | Non-healthy (mental) | 98 | 58.5 | 17.7 | 238 | 73.0 | 19.3 | 15.7 | 3.1 | 5.1 E-10 | |
| Psychological | 98 | 52.0 | 19.5 | 239 | 65.0 | 19.3 | 14.4 | 3.1 | 4.4 E-08 | ||
| Social relationships | 98 | 50.9 | 26.5 | 239 | 62.3 | 22.2 | 14.0 | 3.6 | 6.3 E-05 | ||
| Environment | 98 | 59.3 | 18.8 | 239 | 75.1 | 14.6 | 16.0 | 2.3 | 3.4 E-15 | ||
| Netherlands | |||||||||||
| Physical health | Healthy | 218 | 15.2 | 2.6 | 229 | 67.3 | 20.2 | 14.8 | 3.2 | n.s.* | |
| Psychological | 218 | 14.4 | 2.0 | 230 | 61.9 | 18.1 | 13.9 | 2.9 | n.s.* | ||
| Social relationships | 218 | 15.4 | 2.9 | 230 | 62.6 | 21.0 | 14.0 | 3.4 | 3.9 E-06 | ||
| Environment | 218 | 15.8 | 2.0 | 230 | 72.6 | 15.1 | 15.6 | 2.4 | n.s.* | ||
| Physical health | Non-healthy | 410 | 11.8 | 3.0 | 229 | 67.3 | 20.2 | 14.8 | 3.2 | 4.7 E-29 | |
| Psychological | 410 | 10.5 | 2.5 | 230 | 61.9 | 18.1 | 13.9 | 2.9 | 1.4 E-46 | ||
| Social relationships | 410 | 12.8 | 3.5 | 230 | 62.6 | 21.0 | 14.0 | 3.4 | 3.3 E-05 | ||
| Environment | 410 | 13.5 | 2.5 | 230 | 72.6 | 15.1 | 15.6 | 2.4 | 1.3 E-22 | ||
| Poland | |||||||||||
| Physical health | Healthy | 438 | 15.8 | 2.2 | 107 | 69.1 | 14.0 | 15.1 | 2.2 | 2.5 E-03 | |
| Psychological | 438 | 13.8 | 2.5 | 107 | 63.5 | 17.4 | 14.2 | 2.8 | n.s.* | ||
| Social relationships | 438 | 14.9 | 3.0 | 107 | 59.5 | 19.1 | 13.5 | 3.1 | 4.5 E-05 | ||
| Environment | 438 | 13.1 | 2.4 | 107 | 71.0 | 13.1 | 15.4 | 2.1 | 1.2 E-17 | ||
| Physical health | Non-healthy | 470 | 13.1 | 2.7 | 107 | 69.1 | 14.0 | 15.1 | 2.2 | 7.0 E-12 | |
| Psychological | 470 | 12.5 | 2.6 | 107 | 63.5 | 17.4 | 14.2 | 2.8 | 6.8 E-09 | ||
| Social relationships | 470 | 13.4 | 3.1 | 107 | 59.5 | 19.1 | 13.5 | 3.1 | n.s.* | ||
| Environment | 470 | 12.8 | 2.4 | 107 | 71.0 | 13.1 | 15.4 | 2.1 | 5.8 E-23 | ||
| Sweden | |||||||||||
| Physical health | – | – | – | 119 | 70.3 | 18.0 | 15.3 | 2.9 | – | ||
| Psychological | – | – | – | 119 | 63.7 | 17.3 | 14.2 | 2.8 | – | ||
| Social relationships | – | – | – | 119 | 61.3 | 20.6 | 13.8 | 3.3 | – | ||
| Environment | – | – | – | 119 | 72.5 | 14.0 | 15.6 | 2.2 | – | ||
| United Kingdom | |||||||||||
| Physical health | Healthy | 1324 | 76.5 | 16.2 | 42 | 64.1 | 20.1 | 14.3 | 3.2 | 1.5 E-06 | |
| Psychological | 1324 | 67.8 | 15.6 | 42 | 60.4 | 17.5 | 13.7 | 2.8 | 2.6 E-03 | ||
| Social relationships | 1324 | 70.5 | 20.7 | 42 | 57.9 | 24.0 | 13.3 | 3.8 | 1.2 E-04 | ||
| Environment | 1324 | 68.2 | 13.8 | 42 | 68.5 | 18.3 | 15.0 | 2.9 | n.s.* | ||
| Physical health | Non-healthy | 1864 | 57.0 | 22.7 | 42 | 64.1 | 20.1 | 14.3 | 3.2 | 4.4 E-02 | |
| Psychological | 1864 | 58.3 | 19.3 | 42 | 60.4 | 17.5 | 13.7 | 2.8 | n.s.* | ||
| Social relationships | 1864 | 62.8 | 23.2 | 42 | 57.9 | 24.0 | 13.3 | 3.8 | n.s.* | ||
| Environment | 1864 | 64.9 | 16.9 | 42 | 68.5 | 18.3 | 15.0 | 2.9 | n.s.* | ||
Legend: n.s.* not significant after Bonferroni correction
(The values of the WHOQOL-BREF are shown with range 0–100 as well as range 4–20 for our study participants; reference population: value 0–100 for France, Germany and UK and value 4–20 for Netherlands and Poland)