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Inflammatory reactions after stimuli with damage and pathogens [10-13]. There are changes of microglia in morphology, phenotype and function after stimuli. Cytokines and reacted oxygen species (respond to tissue injuries) and proinflammatory cytokines, adhesion molecules and free radicals (respond to pathogen infections) are released by activated microglia instead of anti-inflammatory immune factors and neurotropic growth factors which can influence astrocytes and neurons.
