Table 1.
Antiretroviral medications.
| Medication | Target | Type | Usage | Toxicity |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Enfuvirtide | gp41 | Fusion inhibitor | Binds & blocks conformational change in gp41 | Significant |
| Maraviroc | gp120 | Entry inhibitor | Blocks binding of gp120 to CCR5 | hepatotoxic |
| Abacavir | RT | NRTI | Inhibit DNA-dependent synthesis | + |
| Didanosine | RT | NRTI | Inhibit DNA-dependent synthesis | ++++ |
| Emtricitabine | RT | NRTI | inhibit DNA-dependent synthesis | + |
| Lamivudine | RT | NRTI | Inhibit DNA-dependent synthesis | + |
| Stavudine | RT | NRTI | Inhibit DNA-dependent synthesis | ++++ |
| Tenofovir | RT | NRTI | Inhibit DNA-dependent synthesis | + |
| Zidovudine | RT | NRTI | Inhibit DNA-dependent synthesis | ++ |
| Zalcitabine | RT | NRTI | inhibit DNA-dependent synthesis | ++++ |
| Raltegravir | Enzyme active site | Integrase inhibitor | Inhibit DNA strand transfer activity | Adverse effects |
| Elvitegravir | Enzyme active site | Integrase inhibitor | Inhibit DNA strand transfer activity | Adverse effects |
| Dolutegravir | Enzyme active site | Integrase inhibitor | Inhibit DNA strand transfer activity | Adverse effects |
| Efavirenz | RT | NRTI & NtRTI | Induce conformational change of RT | Toxic effects to CNS |
| Saquinavir | Aspartyl protease | Protease inhibitor | Viral protease inhibitor | GI toxicity |
| Ritonavir | Aspartyl protease | Protease inhibitor | Viral protease inhibitor | GI toxicity |
| Darunavir | Aspartyl protease | Protease inhibitor | Viral protease inhibitor | GI toxicity |
| Indinavir | Aspartyl protease | Protease inhibitor | Viral protease inhibitor | GI toxicity |
| Tipranavir | Aspartyl protease | Protease inhibitor | Viral protease inhibitor | GI toxicity |
| Fosamprenair | Aspartyl protease | Protease inhibitor | Viral protease inhibitor | GI toxicity |
| Nelfinavir | Aspartyl protease | Protease inhibitor | Viral protease inhibitor | GI toxicity |
| Atazanavir | Aspartyl protease | Protease inhibitor | Viral protease inhibitor | GI toxicity |
| Lopinavir | Aspartyl protease | Protease inhibitor | Viral protease inhibitor | GI toxicity |
| Amprenavir | Aspartyl protease | Protease inhibitor | Viral protease inhibitor | GI toxicity |
++++ Strongest association with mitochondrial toxicity, +weakest association with mitochondrial toxicity; Enfuvirtide has common adverse events which include pain, erythema, pruritus, and induration. Central nervous system (CNS) toxicity involves abnormal mood, delusions, and insomnia; Gastrointestinal toxicity (GI) includes abdominal pain, nausea, emesis, diarrhea; Adverse effects: nausea, dizziness, headache, insomnia, and fatigue [271], [272].