Table 1.

Stem cell studies in hydrogel subtracts.

Cell type	Material	Study	Degradation	Strength (kPa)	Ref
hMSCs	Alginate	Adjustable growth factor		10–150	[130]
	Alginate + PEG	3D printing		1500 j/m2	[30]
	Alginate	Enhance stem cell viability in implantation		22	[27]
	Alginate	Cell reaction to stress relaxation	∼7 days	9–17	[31]
	Gelatin	Bone regeneration	2–6 weeks	56–1250	[147]
	Collagen	Scar modeling	∼7 days	0.3–40	[61]
	HA	3D printing & self-healing	≥7 days		[43]
	HA	Cell differentiation	≥14 days	4–95	[41]
	PEG	3D printing	2–14 days	1.12–589 pa	[93]
	PEG	Cell differentiation		2–10	[127]
	PIC	Cell differentiation of gel stiffening		0.2–0.4	[11]
	PEG	Control of protein presentation		1–10	[148]
	PEG	Tissue regeneration	∼4 h (50%)	0.35–0.6	[149]
	DexMA	Cell spreading to stiffness		0.3–19	[150]
	Chitin	Tissue engineering		41–138 Gpa	[151]
	PEG	Cellular microenvironments		13.6	[121]
	Collagen	Articular cartilage regeneration	≥7 days	2.5	[54]
	Alginate	Bone regeneration		5–110	[124]
mMSCs	Gelatin	Delivery of stem cell	≥15 days	0.1–2.5	[64]
	Alginate + PAAM	Biocompatibility	Minimal	19–30	[73]
	PEG	New material of PEG dendrimer	30–45 days	0.2–6	[76]
	PEG	Injectable scaffold		0.030–1	[152]
	HA	Spreading, migration and proliferation of cell		0.177–0.192	[120]
hADSCs	HA	Tissue adhesive	∼24 h	0.18–1.35	[42]
	PAAM	Protect cell through injection	≥21 days	0.013–0.1	[24]
iPSCs	HA	Cell differentiation & viability after injection		0.300–1	[40]
	PEG	Cell differentiation		0.3–1.2	[89]
	PAM	Stem cell self-renewal	≥60 days	0.7–10	[128]
NPCs	Alginate	Adjustable degradation rate	≥7 days		[119]
ASCs	PA&PDMS	Cell differentiation		4–30	[153]