Table 2.

Cellular metal incorporations - Microorganisms can interact with a large variety of metals. This table presents select examples of metal incorporation and applications, organized by element.

Element	Description	Application	Organism(s)	References
Cobalt	Recovery from laterite tailings	Bioleaching	Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans and Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans	Marrero et al. [172]
	Intracellular, 550 nm average, flakes	Biomining and nanomaterials	Pseudomonas aeruginosa	Srivastava and Constanti [173]
Copper	Copper bioleaching performed industrially	Bioleaching	Consortium of bacteria, archea, mesophiles, and thermophiles.	Gentina and Acevedo [174]
	Extracellular nanoparticles, 3–10 nm, spherical	Nanomaterials - Antifungal	Stereum hirsutum	Cuevas et al. [175]
Dysprosium	Intracellular accumulation of Dy	Biomining and bioremediation	Penidiella sp. T9	Horiike and Yamashita [176]
Europium	Accumulation on cell surface	Biomining and bioremediation	Chlorella vulgaris	Ozaki et al. [177]
Gold	Ultra-efficient recovery from acidic leachate obtained from jewelry waste	Biomining	E. coli, Desulfovibrio desulfuricans	Deplanche and Macaskie [151]
	Nanoclusters of various sizes and shapes depending on conditions	Nanomaterials – catalytic and medicinal	Shewanella haliotis	Zhu et al. [153]
Iron	Recovery of iron from iron-containing minerals	Bioleaching	Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans	Marrero et al. [178]
	Extracellular, 20 nm average, flakes	Nanomaterials	Pseudomonas aeruginosa	Srivastava and Constanti [173]
Lithium	Lithium solubilization from various ores	Bioleaching	Aspergillus niger and Rhodotorula rubra	Marcincakova et al. [138], [139]
	Lithium nanoparticles formed intracellularly, 750 nm average size	Biomining and nanomaterials	Pseudomonas aeruginosa	Srivastava and Constanti [173]
Nickel	Recovery from laterite tailings	Bioleaching	Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans and Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans	Marrero et al. [172]
	Extracellular, 3 nm average, dense polygons	Nanomaterials	Pseudomonas aeruginosa	Srivastava and Constanti [173]
Palladium	Monodisperse, small (4–5 nm) nanoparticles were observed	Nanomaterials - catalytic	E. coli	Zhu et al. [149]
	Intracellular accumulation of palladium nanoparticles	Biomining	Desulfovibrio desulfuricans, Bacillus benzeovorans	Omajali et al. [150]
Platinum	Extracellular nanoparticles, 5–30 nm	Nanomaterials - catalytic	Fusarium oxysporum	Syed and Ahmad [145]
	Intracellular accumulation of platinum nanoparticles	Biomining	Acinetobacter calcoaceticus	Gaidhani et al. [147]
Rhodium	Extracellular, 10 nm average, spherical	Nanomaterials – catalytic	Pseudomonas aeruginosa	Srivastava and Constanti [173]
Ruthenium	Extracellular, 3 nm average, dense polygons	Nanomaterials – catalytic	Pseudomonas aeruginosa	Srivastava and Constanti [173]
Selenium	Extracellular, rod-shaped Se nanoparticles, average size 17 nm	Nanomaterials	Streptomyces bikiniensis	Ahmad et al. [179]
Silver	Extracellular nanoparticles, 10–100 nm, protein functionalized	Nanomaterials – catalytic and medicinal	Cladosporium cladosporioides	Balaji et al. [180]
	Silver uptake capabilities of up to 153 mg/L were observed	Biomining	Trichoderma harzianum	Cecchi et al. [181]
Technetium	Reduction of Tc(VII) to Tc(IV) via various reducing agents	Biomining and bioremediation	Fe(III)-reducing, sulfate-reducing, fermentative, aerobic, and anaerobic bacteria	Chernyh et al. [182]
Tellurium	Intracellular, rod-shaped Te nanoparticles, 20 × 180 nm	Nanomaterials and biomining	Bacillus sp.	Zare et al. [124]
Uranium	Uranium bioprecipitation engineered for different cellular loci	Biomining	Deinococcus radiodurans, E. coli	Kulkarni et al. [142]
Ytterbium	Accumulation on cell surface	Biomining and bioremediation	S. cerevisiae	Jiang et al. [183]
Zinc	A 75% Zn extraction was obtained from Zn-plant leach residues under optimized conditions	Bioleaching	Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans	Sethurajan et al. [184]