Table 5.

Duration of second stage, parous (≥1) women.

Parous women
Study	N	Study quality	Epidural analgesia (%)	Definition of starting reference points	Median duration (min)	5th percentile (min)	95th percentile (min)
Oladapo 201834(P = 1)	1488	A	0.1	10 cm to birth	11	2	65
Oladapo 201834(P ≥ 2)	1952	A	0	10 cm to birth	11	2	58
Zhang 2010 (2)-19(P = 1)	4106	B	0	10 cm to birth	12	–	76
Zhang 2010 (2)-19(P ≥ 2)	4001	B	0	10 cm to birth	6	–	66
Zhang 2010 (2)-29(P = 1)	12649	B	100	10 cm to birth	24	–	120
Zhang 2010 (2)-29(P ≥ 2)	12218	B	100	10 cm to birth	18	–	96
					Mean duration (min)	SD (min)	+2SD (min)
Albers 199917	1705	A	0	10 cm to birth	18	23	64*
Kilpatrick 198930	3767	C	0	10 cm to birth	19	21	61*
Albers 199618	602	C	NR	10 cm to birth	17	20	57*
Duignan 197522	869	B	0	10 cm or urge to bear down	17.4	–	–
Abdel-Aleem 199116	372	A	0	Undefined	29	16	61*
Jones 200328	120	B	0	Undefined	22	28	78*
Studd 197341	264	B	0	Undefined	22	–	–
Paterson 199235	13159	C	0	Undefined	19	21	61
Wusteman 200345	71	C	0	Undefined	16	21	58*
Juntunen 199429(P = 2/3)	42	B	2.4	Undefined	8.7	5.5
Studd 197545	322	A	4.3	Undefined	19	–	–
Juntunen 199429(GP)	42	B	9.5	Undefined	6	5	16*
Schiff 199838	94	B	NR	Undefined	30	24	78*
Schorn 199339	30	B	NR	Undefined	24	24	72
Gibb 198223	749	C	NR	Undefined	17	–	–
Dior 201321(P = 2/5)	27252	C	NR	Undefined	21	–	–
Dior 201321(P ≥ 6)	4112	C	NR	Undefined	16	–	–

Risk of bias: A = at least four (out of five) domains scored as low risk; B = three domains scored as low risk; C = two domains or less scored as low risk.

NR = Not reported.

SD = Standard deviation.

min = min.

P = Parity.

GP = Grand parity.

^*Estimated by authors.