Table 3. Stability of reference genes during abiotic and biotic stress.

Conditions	Rank	Δ Ct		BestKeeper		NormFinder		geNorm
		Gene	stability value	Gene	stability value	Gene	Stability value	Gene	Stability value
High temperature	1.00	RPS13	0.47	RPS7	0.47	RPS13	0.05	18S	0.23
	2.00	18S	0.47	RPS13	0.57	18S	0.08	ACT	0.23
	3.00	RPS7	0.49	18S	0.57	RPS7	0.10	RPS13	0.24
	4.00	ACT	0.49	EF1-α	0.59	ACT	0.14	RPS7	0.26
	5.00	GAPDH	0.55	TUB	0.64	GAPDH	0.22	GAPDH	0.28
	6.00	TUB	0.71	ACT	0.71	TUB	0.36	RPL32	0.36
	7.00	RPL32	0.73	RPL32	0.81	RPL32	0.44	TUB	0.45
	8.00	EF1-α	1.24	GAPDH	0.89	EF1-α	0.83	EF-1α	0.64
Larval crowding	1.00	TUB	0.75	RPS13	0.14	TUB	0.14	EF1-α	0.46
	2.00	RPS7	0.76	18S	0.36	RPS7	0.21	ACT	0.46
	3.00	RPS13	0.82	RPS7	0.37	RPS13	0.28	TUB	0.53
	4.00	ACT	0.89	TUB	0.49	18S	0.38	RPS7	0.63
	5.00	18S	0.90	ACT	0.66	ACT	0.45	RPS13	0.68
	6.00	EF1-α	0.96	EF-1α	0.68	EF1-α	0.51	GAPDH	0.72
	7.00	GAPDH	1.02	GAPDH	0.73	GAPDH	0.59	18S	0.78
	8.00	RPS32	1.45	RPL32	0.90	RPL32	0.96	RPL32	0.95
Pesticide exposure	1.00	EF1-α	1.33	GAPDH	0.30	EF1-α	0.22	RPS7	0.21
	2.00	RPS7	1.36	RPS7	0.53	RPS7	0.56	RPL32	0.21
	3.00	RPS32	1.39	RPL32	0.56	RPL32	0.56	18S	0.65
	4.00	18S	1.60	TUB	1.01	18S	0.79	ACT	0.80
	5.00	GAPDH	1.67	18S	1.20	GAPDH	0.86	EF1-α	0.94
	6.00	TUB	1.88	EF1-α	1.24	TUB	1.03	GAPDH	1.05
	7.00	ACT	1.93	RPS13	1.32	ACT	1.11	TUB	1.20
	8.00	RPS13	1.94	ACT	2.08	RPS13	1.74	RPS13	1.60