Table 5. Associations of physical activity and sedentary behavior variables with albuminuria.
| Model 1 OR (95%CI) |
Model 2 OR (95%CI) |
Model 3 OR (95%CI) |
Model 4 OR (95%CI) |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total physical activity (h/day) |
<15 mg/24h | Reference | N/A | N/A | Reference | |
| 15-<30 mg/24h | Q1 | Reference | Reference | |||
| Q2 | 0.59 (0.40; 0.87) | 0.59 (0.40; 0.88) | ||||
| Q3 | 0.67 (0.45; 0.99) | 0.67 (0.45; 1.00) | ||||
| Q4 | 0.63 (0.41; 0.96) | 0.65 (0.42; 1.00) | ||||
| ≥30 mg/24h | Q1 | Reference | Reference | |||
| Q2 | 0.75 (0.49; 1.15) | 0.83 (0.53; 1.28) | ||||
| Q3 | 0.59 (0.37; 0.95) | 0.68 (0.42; 1.11) | ||||
| Q4 | 0.84 (0.53; 1.35) | 1.06 (0.64; 1.73) | ||||
| Lower intensity physical activity (h/day) |
<15 mg/24h | Reference | N/A | N/A | Reference | |
| 15-<30 mg/24h | Q1 | Reference | Reference | |||
| Q2 | 1.01 (0.70; 1.48) | 1.03 (0.70; 1.50) | ||||
| Q3 | 0.80 (0.54; 1.19) | 0.81 (0.54; 1.21) | ||||
| Q4 | 0.82 (0.54; 1.24) | 0.85 (0.56; 1.29) | ||||
| ≥30 mg/24h | Q1 | Reference | Reference | |||
| Q2 | 1.00 (0.65; 1.52) | 1.08 (0.70; 1.67) | ||||
| Q3 | 0.54 (0.33; 0.88) | 0.61 (0.37; 1.01) | ||||
| Q4 | 1.02 (0.65; 1.59) | 1.21 (0.77; 1.92) | ||||
| Higher intensity physical activity (10 min/day) |
<15 mg/24h | Reference | N/A | Reference | Reference | |
| 15-<30 mg/24h | 0.97 (0.89; 1.06) | 1.00 (0.91; 1.09) | 1.00 (0.91; 1.10) | |||
| ≥30 mg/24h | 0.91 (0.82; 1.02) | 0.94 (0.83; 1.05) | 0.96 (0.85; 1.08) | |||
| Sedentary time (h/day) |
<15 mg/24h | Reference | Reference | N/A | Reference | |
| 15-<30 mg/24h | 1.11 (1.01; 1.22) | 1.11 (1.01; 1.22) | 1.10 (1.00; 1.22) | |||
| ≥30 mg/24h | 1.11 (1.01; 1.24) | 1.10 (0.99; 1.22) | 1.06 (0.95; 1.19) | |||
| Sedentary breaks (10/day) |
<15 mg/24h | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | |
| 15-<30 mg/24h | 0.92 (0.77; 1.10) | 0.93 (0.78; 1.11) | 0.96 (0.80; 1.15) | 0.97 (0.81; 1.16) | ||
| ≥30 mg/24h | 0.85 (0.69; 1.04) | 0.86 (0.70; 1.05) | 0.89 (0.72; 1.09) | 0.91 (0.74; 1.12) | ||
| Prolonged sedentary bouts (#/day) |
<15 mg/24h | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | |
| 15-<30 mg/24h | 1.10 (1.00; 1.20) | 1.09 (0.99; 1.20) | 1.03 (0.89; 1.19) | 1.02 (0.88; 1.18) | ||
| ≥30 mg/24h | 1.11 (1.01; 1.23) | 1.10 (0.99; 1.22) | 1.06 (0.91; 1.25) | 1.03 (0.88; 1.22) | ||
| Average sedentary bout duration (min) |
<15 mg/24h | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | |
| 15-<30 mg/24h | 1.04 (1.00; 1.08) | 1.04 (1.00; 1.08) | 1.03 (0.98; 1.07) | 1.02 (0.98; 1.07) | ||
| ≥30 mg/24h | 1.05 (1.01; 1.09) | 1.04 (1.00; 1.09) | 1.03 (0.99; 1.09) | 1.02 (0.97; 1.07) |
Note: The odds ratios (OR) represent the odds of having a urinary albumin excretion of 15-<30 mg/24h or a urinary albumin excretion of ≥30 mg/24h (with a urinary albumin excretion of <15 mg/24h as reference category), respectively, relative to the odds in the first quartile for total physical activity and LPA, or per one unit increase in HPA or the sedentary behavior variables. Boldface indicates statistical significance (P <0.05). The associations in models 1 were adjusted for age, sex, glucose metabolism status, waking time, educational level, smoking behavior, alcohol consumption, energy intake, comorbid disease, mobility limitation; in models 2 the associations of the sedentary behavior variables were additionally adjusted for HPA; in models 3 the associations of HPA and the sedentary behavior pattern variables were additionally adjusted for sedentary time; in models 4 all associations were additionally adjusted for office systolic blood pressure, use of antihypertensive medication, waist circumference, total-to-HDL cholesterol ratio, triglycerides, use of lipid-modifying medication, prevalent cardiovascular disease. All analyses were based on complete cases (n = 2,258). Distribution of participants according to albuminuria categories: <15 mg/24h n = 1812, 15-<30 mg/24h n = 247, ≥30 mg/24h n = 199.
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; eGFRcrcys, estimated glomerular filtration rate based on serum creatinine and serum cystatin C; HPA, higher intensity physical activity; HDL cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; N/A, not applicable.