Fig. 2. Safranal-induced inhibition of wild-type and mutant membrane-bound F₁F_o ATP synthase.

Membranes were preincubated for 60 min at room temperature with varied concentrations of safranal and then 1 mL of ATPase cocktail was added and activity measured. Experimental details are given in the Materials and Methods section. Each data point represents the average of at least four experiments done in duplicate tubes, using 2–3 independent F₁F_o membrane preparations.