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. 2018 Apr 4;8:5663. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-23939-6

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Non-cellular bioactivity in (Cu)BGn-DA applied dentin after SBF immersion. (Cu)BGn-DA was applied to dentin, and bulk-fill resin was stacked up to create a complex of composite resin-DA-dentin structure. Dentin-composite resin sticks (1 mm²) were created and treated with 10% NaOCl for 1 h for chemical aging to remove denuded collagen for inhibiting spontaneous HA precipitation and immersed in SBF (3 cm²/mL) for 14 days. The adhesive interface, including around the spot, was characterized using (A–F) SEM and (G–I) EDS before and after SBF immersion for 14 days. Dot white box in C and F indicating spot for EDS analysis. Elemental ratio was obtained from three different analyses and representative EDS graph was shown. HA like precipitation (insert in E and F) was observed and determined by EDS analysis in CuBGn-DA(2%) incorporated hybrid layer after 14 days of SBF incubation but not in DA incorporated hybrid layer.