. 2018 Apr 4;8:5634. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-23895-1

Table 1.

Univariable analyses of potential risk factors for the presence of AIV H9 in the LBRS of Lahore District, Pakistan

Variable	Response level	Range	Positive for H9`	Negative for H9	Odds Ratio (OR)	CI_95% for OR	P-value*
Number of cages in the stall	Number	1−8	28	152	1.33	0.85−2.08	0.252
Total number of birds kept in stall	Number	14−1000	28	152	1.00	1.00−1.01	0.338
Number of birds sold per day	Number	10−1000	28	152	1.00	0.99−1.00	0.411
Chicken breeds other than broiler in the stall (Indigenous, Fayoumi, or mixed breeds)	Yes	—	20	73	7.97	2.21−28.65	0.019
	No	—	8	179	Reference
Source of birds for stall	Obtained from mixed source	—	18	76	4.40	3.15−6.16	< 0.001
Source of birds for stall	Dealer/wholesaler	—	10	176	Reference
Market vehicle picks up birds from farm	Yes	—	1	12	0.44	0.04−4.32	0.510
Market vehicle picks up birds from farm	No	—	27	240	Reference	0.04−4.32	0.510
Vehicle disinfected between deliveries	Yes	—	1	2	0.57	0.03−10.73	0.721
Vehicle disinfected between deliveries	No	—	27	250	Reference	0.03−10.73	0.721
Adding new birds to cages already holding birds	Yes	—	25	194	3.73	0.70−19.86	0.173
Adding new birds to cages already holding birds	No	—	3	58	Reference	0.70−19.86	0.173
Stall completely cleaned and disinfected within last 30 days	Yes	—	8	72	0.84	0.31−2.29	0.759
	No	—	20	180	Reference	0.31−2.29	0.759
Keeping birds in the stalls during cleaning	Remain in stall	—	3	7	2.92	0.64−13.28	0.214
Keeping birds in the stalls during cleaning	Moved to elsewhere	—	25	245	Reference	0.64−13.28	0.214
Wild birds around stall	Usually	—	27	243	1.00	0.60−1.66	0.998
Wild birds around stall	Rarely	—	1	9	Reference	0.60−1.66	0.998
Rodents seen in the stall	Usually	—	11	45	2.67	1.46–4.86	0.018
Rodents seen in the stall	Rarely	—	17	207	Reference	1.46–4.86	0.018
Avian mascot/pet bird in stall	Yes	—	3	29	1.00	0.35–2.36	0.872
Avian mascot/pet bird in stall	No	—	25	223	Reference	0.35–2.36	0.872
Birds kept at home	Yes	—	7	57	1.06	0.40–2.80	0.896
Birds kept at home	No	—	21	195	Reference	0.40–2.80	0.896
Sick birds in stall	Moved to separate cage	—	1	2	2.80	0.03–223.1	0.663
	No special handling	—	26	246	0.41	0.03–4.25	0.489
	Moved to separate area	—	1	4	Reference
Disposal of dead birds	Sold	—	26	228	0.49	0.11–2.23	0.399
Disposal of dead birds	Trash pick up	—	2	24	Reference	0.11–2.23	0.399
Housing of birds	Keeping some birds outside cages	—	7	23	3.36	1.39–8.13	0.036
Housing of birds	All birds housed inside cages	—	21	229	Reference	1.39–8.13	0.036
Stray dogs accessing stall	Yes	—	19	164	1.12	0.57–2.17	0.746
Stray dogs accessing stall	No	—	9	88	Reference	0.57–2.17	0.746
Washed gizzards	Dip in bucket of water	—	26	220	2.80	0.29–26.58	0.403
Washed gizzards	Separately under tap	—	2	32	Reference	0.29–26.58	0.403
Another nearby stall	Yes	—	25	214	2.30	0.30–17.3	0.449
Another nearby stall	No	—	3	38	Reference	0.30–17.3	0.449
Number of people visiting stall	Number	12–700	152	28	1.00	0.99–1.01	0.279
Stall owned by respondent	Yes	—	27	242	1.04	0.45–2.38	0.924
Stall owned by respondent	No	—	1	10	Reference	0.45–2.38	0.924

^*P-value based on Wald statistics.