Table 3.
Full models: associations of potential determinants with total physical activity (TPA), moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and sedentary behavior (SB)a
| TPA [cpm] | MVPA [min/day] | SB [min/day] | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β | 95% CI | p-value | β | 95% CI | p-value | β | 95% CI | p-value | |
| Demographic and biological variables | |||||||||
| Sex | 46.7 | (24.4, 68.9) | ≤0.001 | 14.4 | (10.1 18.7) | ≤0.001 | −5.1 | (−13.1, 2.8) | 0.208 |
| Age | 32.5 | (12.4, 52.6) | 0.002 | 8.4 | (4.6, 12.1) | ≤0.001 | 0.4 | (−6.5, 7.3) | 0.906 |
| Birth weight | 2.2 | (0.2, 4.2) | 0.035 | 0.4 | (0.1, 0.8) | 0.030 | −0.6 | (−1.4, 0.1) | 0.077 |
| Chronic health condition | 4.1 | (−38.4, 46.5) | 0.850 | 0.2 | (−7.5, 7.9) | 0.959 | −2.2 | (−17.6, 13.2) | 0.779 |
| BMI | 9.8 | (−16.0, 35.6) | 0.457 | 2.7 | (−2.0, 7.5) | 0.261 | −5.1 | (−14.6, 4.3) | 0.286 |
| Gross motor skills | 13.4 | (2.1, 24.7) | 0.021 | 2.9 | (0.9, 4.8) | 0.005 | −1.3 | (−5.2, 2.6) | 0.515 |
| Siblings | 4.8 | (−17.9, 27.6) | 0.676 | 1.8 | (−2.7, 6.3) | 0.431 | −1.6 | (−9.5, 6.3) | 0.694 |
| Parental BMI | −0.9 | (−33.2, 24.4) | 0.941 | 0.8 | (−3.4, 5.1) | 0.706 | −2.1 | (−10.2, 5.9) | 0.604 |
| SES | 0.1 | (−0.8, 1) | 0.849 | 0.0 | (−0.2, 0.1) | 0.837 | −0.2 | (−0.5, 0.2) | 0.332 |
| Family structure | 50.8 | (6.1, 95.6) | 0.027 | 6.2 | (−2.1, 14.5) | 0.142 | −17.3 | (−33.7, −0.9) | 0.039 |
| Psychological, cognitive and emotional variables | |||||||||
| Self-regulation | −0.2 | (−1.6, 1.1) | 0.724 | 0.0 | (−0.3, 0.2) | 0.896 | 0.2 | (−0.2, 0.7) | 0.302 |
| Psychological difficulties | 1.4 | (−1.7, 4.4) | 0.373 | 0.4 | (−0.2, 0.9) | 0.210 | −0.2 | (−1.3, 0.9) | 0.712 |
| Emotionality temperament | −12.1 | (−30.2, 6.1) | 0.191 | −2.2 | (−5.6, 1.2) | 0.200 | 4.5 | (−1.6, 10.5) | 0.148 |
| Activity temperament | 30.6 | (12.7, 48.5) | ≤0.001 | 5.4 | (1.9, 8.9) | 0.002 | −11.8 | (−18.3, −5.3) | < 0.001 |
| Shyness temperament | −10.4 | (−26.9, 6.2) | 0.218 | −1.5 | (−4.6, 1.5) | 0.317 | 1.4 | (−4.2, 7.1) | 0.623 |
| Parenting stress | 2.0 | (0.4, 3.6) | 0.015 | 0.2 | (−0.1, 0.5) | 0.126 | −0.4 | (−1.0, 0.1) | 0.130 |
| Cognitive performance | −0.6 | (−12.3, 11.1) | 0.916 | 0.7 | (−1.4, 2.9) | 0.501 | 0.8 | (−3.4, 5.0) | 0.714 |
| Behavioral variables | |||||||||
| Sleep duration | −5.3 | (−24.6, 13.9) | 0.585 | −1.1 | (−4.6, 2.4) | 0.614 | −1.7 | (−8.2, 4.8) | 0.599 |
| Play frequency | −10.3 | (−50.2, 29.5) | 0.609 | −1.7 | (−8.6, 5.2) | 0.911 | 5.0 | (−11.2, 21.3) | 0.540 |
| Social and cultural variables | |||||||||
| Parental sedentary behavior | −0.1 | (−3.8, 3.7) | 0.976 | 0.1 | (−0.6, 0.8) | 0.791 | 0.2 | (−1.1, 1.5) | 0.800 |
| Parental sports club membership | 10.2 | (−14.1, 34.4) | 0.410 | 0.4 | (−4.0, 4.8) | 0.854 | −4.5 | (−13.0, 4.1) | 0.307 |
| Parental physical activity | −8.7 | (−31.9, 14.5) | 0.459 | −1.3 | (−5.6, 3.0) | 0.547 | −0.7 | (−9.2, 7.7) | 0.866 |
| Parental Involvement in child PA | 8.0 | (−14.1, 30.1) | 0.477 | 1.3 | (−2.8, 5.4) | 0.535 | −2.7 | (−10.6, 5.2) | 0.496 |
| Transport to childcare | 6.2 | (−15.6, 28.0) | 0.576 | 2.0 | (−2.0, 6.1) | 0.326 | −4.7 | (−12.4, 3.0) | 0.233 |
| Parental tobacco use | −5.1 | (−32.1, 21.9) | 0.710 | −0.3 | (−5.3, 4.7) | 0.897 | 3.3 | (−6.1, 12.8) | 0.487 |
| Parental alcohol consumption | 7.3 | (−40.9, 55.4) | 0.765 | 2.6 | (−6.6, 11.8) | 0.580 | −8.0 | (−26.9, 10.9) | 0.402 |
| Environmental variables | |||||||||
| Time outdoors | 4.6 | (−2.6, 11.8) | 0.205 | 0.2 | (−1.1, 1.5) | 0.807 | −1.4 | (−3.9, 1.0) | 0.247 |
| Fixed toys | 3.8 | (−3.7, 11.3) | 0.318 | 0.1 | (−1.3, 1.5) | 0.907 | −0.5 | (−3.2, 2.2) | 0.713 |
| Portable toys | 4.8 | (−3.5, 13.2) | 0.253 | 0.7 | (−0.7, 2.2) | 0.339 | −2.6 | (−5.4, 0.2) | 0.067 |
| Days at childcare | 1.8 | (−9.6, 13.2) | 0.751 | −0.1 | (−2.1, 1.9) | 0.924 | 0.7 | (−3.3, 4.8) | 0.726 |
| Living area per person | 0.6 | (−0.8, 2.0) | 0.415 | 0.1 | (−0.2, 0.4) | 0.432 | 0.0 | (−0.5, 0.5) | 0.911 |
| Neighborhood safety | −0.9 | (−2.8, 0.9) | 0.330 | −0.1 | (−0.5, 0.2) | 0.481 | 0.1 | (−0.5, 0.8) | 0.730 |
| Dog | 0.5 | (−42.5, 43.6) | 0.980 | −0.8 | (−8.7, 7.2) | 0.853 | −1.3 | (−16.4, 13.8) | 0.864 |
| Season | 4.1 | (−22.2, 30.5) | 0.758 | 4.1 | (−0.9, 9.0) | 0.106 | 9.1 | (−0.8, 18.9) | 0.071 |
| Region | 1.7 | (−23.4, 26.8) | 0.892 | 0.5 | (−4.3, 5.2) | 0.852 | −1.3 | (−10.4, 7.8) | 0.782 |
PA physical activity, β β-coefficient, CI confidence interval
aMultivariable linear mixed models including a random intercept for each subject and for each childcare center (n = 498)