Figure 12.

The protective effects and related mechanisms of PCGE on ischemic stroke. After cerebral ischemia, the allegro accumulation of ROS and RNS results in damage of neurons and astrocytes. Under status of oxidative stress, Nrf2 is released from Keap1 in cytoplasm and transferred into the nucleus, whe re it combines to ARE and upregulates antioxidant genes such as HO-1, NQO-1, and BDNF against the oxidation-mediated neurotoxicity. PCGE can stimulate endogenous antioxidative responses in astrocytes and neurons, facilitating reactive astrocytes providing antioxidants and neurotrophic factor to neurons, thereby attenuating neuronal damage.