Table 2. Baseline characteristics*.
(Mean values and standard deviations; n 10 males and 16 females in each diet group)
| Higher-CHO study arm |
Lower-CHO study arm |
P (high v. low CHO) |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | sd | Mean | sd | ||
| Age (years) | 45·7 | 14·1 | 42·4 | 13·0 | 0·39 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 30·6 | 2·4 | 30·8 | 2·3 | 0·77 |
| Glucose (mmol/l) | 5·52 | 0·48 | 5·54 | 0·43 | 0·84 |
| Insulin (mU/l) | 11·2 | 5·2 | 10·8 | 8·7 | 0·85 |
| HOMA-IR | 2·74 | 1·26 | 2·69 | 2·35 | 0·93 |
| TMAO (µmol/l) | 5·19 | 3·19 | 4·16 | 2·27 | 0·18 |
| Carnitine (µmol/l) | 33·7 | 6·1 | 30·2 | 5·2 | 0·03 |
| Choline (µmol/l) | 6·57 | 1·37 | 6·60 | 1·62 | 0·93 |
| Betaine (µmol/l) | 36·1 | 8·1 | 32·9 | 7·7 | 0·16 |
| γ-Butyrobetaine (µmol/l) | 0·91 | 0·26 | 0·90 | 0·21 | 0·77 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/l) | 4·47 | 0·77 | 4·39 | 0·64 | 0·70 |
| LDL-cholesterol (mmol/l) | 2·83 | 0·57 | 2·75 | 0·53 | 0·59 |
| TAG (mmol/l) | 1·11 | 0·29 | 1·15 | 0·50 | 0·76 |
| HDL-cholesterol (mmol/l) | 1·13 | 0·20 | 1·12 | 0·23 | 0·87 |
| Apo B (mg/l) | 790 | 135 | 740 | 154 | 0·22 |
| Apo A1 (mg/l) | 1138 | 129 | 1115 | 114 | 0·51 |
CHO, carbohydrate; HOMA-IR, homoeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (insulin (mU/l) ×glucose (nmol/l)/22·5).
*
Data were analysed by ANOVA for a cross-over design.