Table 3. Characteristics by Incident Diabetes From 1986 to 2016 Among Women Without Diabetes Before 1 or More Live Births During Follow-upa.
| Follow-Up (Up to Year 30) Characteristics | Incident Diabetes (n = 182) | No Diabetes (n = 1056) | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Education (high school or less), No. (%) | 27 (15) | 133 (13) | <.001 |
| Marital Status (married), No. (%) | 94 (54) | 595 (61) | .10 |
| Postmenopausal status, No. (%) | 75 (41) | 609 (58) | <.001 |
| Pregnancy Outcomes, No. (%) | |||
| 1 Postbaseline birth | 92 (50) | 417 (39) | .003 |
| 2 Postbaseline births | 69 (38) | 421 (40) | |
| ≥3 Postbaseline births | 21 (12) | 218 (21) | |
| Gestational diabetes mellitus, No. (%) | 56 (31) | 99 (9) | <.001 |
| Gestational hypertensive disorder, No. (%) | 73 (40) | 233 (22) | <.001 |
| Preterm birth (<37 weeks gestation), No. (%) | 38 (21) | 188 (18) | .29 |
| Cesarean birth, No. (%) | 61 (34) | 307 (29) | .23 |
| Medical conditions/medication use, No. (%) | |||
| Antihypertensive medications | 85 (47) | 244 (23) | <.001 |
| Lipid-lowering medications | 74 (41) | 115 (11) | <.001 |
| Incident metabolic syndrome | 79 (43) | 82 (8) | <.001 |
| Family history of diabetes | 127 (70) | 435 (41) | <.001 |
| Social/clinical risk factors, mean (SD) | |||
| Age, y | 46.3 (7.1) | 51.4 (7.1) | <.001 |
| Body mass indexb | 37.2 (8.6) | 29.3 (7.4) | <.001 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 104.9 (16.2) | 88.7 (15.6) | <.001 |
| Weight change, kg | 27.0 (27.4) | 16.8 (15.7) | <.001 |
| Smoking, pack-years | 5.4 (9.3) | 3.7 (7.6) | .007 |
| Dietary Quality scorec | 64.1 (10.1) | 67.6 (11.8) | <.001 |
| Weight change, median (IQR), kgd | 24.6 (21.8) | 14.4 (20.2) | <.001 |
| Physical activity change, median (IQR)d | −78.0 (256.0) | −61.5 (323.0) | .67 |
| Alcohol intake, median (IQR), mL/dd | 0.0 (2.7) | 2.4 (12.1) | <.001 |
| Lactation duration, median (IQR), monthsd | 1.4 (5.1) | 4.4 (8.5) | <.001 |
Abbreviation: IQR, interquartile range.
a
This analysis included 1238 women and 2302 births.
b
Calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared.
c
A priori Dietary Quality score average of scores from years 0, 7, and 20.
d
Kruskal-Wallis test.