Figure 2.

Interactions among proteins within the kinin-kallikrein system (shown in green) and their interactions with other pathways. Kininogen, kallikrein, and coagulation factor XII participate in the coagulation cascade by initiating the contact activation (intrinsic) pathway. CPN may play a role in coagulation through its interaction with fibrinogen. CPN interacts with the complement system by inactivating anaphylatoxins, which are derived from complement components. Our study suggests that kallikrein and ACE also interact with complement components. Finally, bradykinin and ACE play important roles in the regulation of blood pressure through their roles in the renin-angiotensin system and vasodilation.