Table 1.

Comparison of typical integrated care programmes in HICs and LMICs

Integration	High-income countries	Low- and middle-income countries
Target population	Elderly, high-cost population People with long-term conditions Complex patients (e.g. combination of physical and mental health conditions, patients needed high intensity of healthcare) Children (vulnerable, at risk) People with mental health needs	Pregnant women and women of reproductive age Children People with infectious diseases (e.g. STI, HIV, TB) Vulnerable or hard to reach populations (e.g. sex workers, drug users)
Expectations of integration	Improve outcomes Improve patient experience Improve quality of care Reduce costs (more efficient use of existing resources) Reduce unplanned admissions Reduce length of stay Reduce residential care Increase community care	Increase access for an increased range of services to a specific population (basic care package) Increase convenience for patients and community (by reducing separate visits) Increase uptake of some services (e.g. family planning) by tagging on to other services (e.g. HIV care) Improve efficiency; share scarce resources between programmes Provide a way to allocate resources for under funded programmes (e.g. adolescent health)
Examples of models of care	Case finding Care planning (including escalation plan) Care co-ordination with regular review Multi-disciplinary teams to deliver care in the community Patient streaming (risk stratification) Virtual wards/hospital at home Patient self-management of long-term conditions	Integrated HIV and reproductive health services Integrated outreach services (eg. vaccinations, Vitamin A, de-worming medicines, bednets) TB and HIV integrated care Child Health Days Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) Screening of specific diseases (eg HIV, Syphilis) at antenatal care clinics

Sources: Briggs and Garner (2006), Atun et al. (2008), Partapuri et al. (2012), Curry and Ham (2010), Erens et al. (2016), Ham et al. (2011), Mangiaterra (2014) and Vasan et al. (2014).