Table 1.

Examples of murine trauma models

Trauma Models	Examples	Description
Hemorrhagic Shock	Pressure-controlled hemorrhagic shock	Following anesthesia, catheter is placed in femoral artery and blood is withdrawn until BP 35 ± 5 mm Hg for 30–90 min (Pfeifer et al. 2013)
	Volume-controlled hemorrhagic shock	Following anesthesia, catheter is placed in femoral artery and 0.025–0.05 mL/g body weight of blood is withdrawn (35–60%) (Claridge et al. 2001)
Traumatic Brain Injury	Lateral fluid percussion (LFP)	Involves craniotomy over left parietal bone followed by injury using a fluid percussion device producing a pressure of 3.6 ± 1 atm (Carbonell et al. 1998)
	Controlled cortical impact (CCI)	Craniotomy performed followed by deployment of pneumatically driven impactor measuring 3 mm at a velocity of 5–6 m/sec (Smith et al. 1995)
	Weight drop model	Impact using gravitational forces from a 250 g metal rod striking the exposed skull or dura matter from a 2–3 cm height (Flierl et al. 2009)
Long Bone Fracture Models	Open femoral fracture	Femur is exposed and fractured via osteotomy or by weakening bone with several drill holes (Cheung et al. 2003)
	Closed femoral fracture	Fracture of the femur usually followed by placement of an intramedullary pin, locking nail, or intramedullary compression screw (Holstein et al. 2007; Manigrasso and O’Connor 2004)
	Tibial fracture	Involves the creation of a closed fracture of the distal tibial (Holstein et al. 2009)
	Pseudofracture model	Bilateral muscle crush injury to the hindlimbs with injection of a bone solution into the injured muscles (Darwiche et al. 2011)
Thoracic Trauma	Blunt trauma via weight drop method	Uses a defined weight at a predetermined height to create gravitational forces delivering an energy of 1.8–2.7 J to the thoracic cavity (Raghavendran et al. 2005)
	Blunt trauma via cortical contusion impactor or captive bolt gun	Cortical contusion impactor strikes lateral chest with a velocity of 5.8 m/s and an energy of 152 J/m2 to cause pulmonary contusion (Hoth et al. 2007)
	Blast injury by laser-induced stress wave	Blast generator creates laser-induced stress waves with a peak pressure of 0.75 bar at a distance of 2 cm for 3.4 ms (Satoh et al. 2010)
	Ventilation with high tidal volumes	Ventilate with tidal volumes of 15–45 mL/kg body weight to induce lung injury (Kuiper et al. 2011; Wilson et al. 2003)
Polytrauma	Noble and Collip’s metal drum	Mouse which is not anesthetized is placed in a metal drum and tumbled repeatedly, producing variable injury patterns (Noble and Collip 1942)
	Original polytrauma model	Pressure-controlled hemorrhagic shock plus laparotomy (Wang et al. 1993)
	Modified polytrauma model	Pressure-controlled hemorrhagic shock, laparotomy, and long bone fracture (Tsukamoto and Pape 2009)
	Modern polytrauma model	Pressure-controlled hemorrhagic shock, long-bone fracture, soft tissue injury, and laparotomy with cecectomy (Gentile et al. 2013)