Table 2.

Non-canonical functions of ARS enzymes implicated in dominant neuropathy

ARS	Species	Non-canonical function
AARS	Homo sapiens	C-terminal splice variant binds DNA (116)
GARS	Homo sapiens	Chaperone in neddylation pathway (117)
	Homo sapiens	Tumorigenesis defense (118)
	Saccharomyces cerevisiae	mRNA 3’ end formation (119)
HARS	Homo sapiens	Epitope for autoantibodies in inflammatory myositis (120–122)
WARS	Homo sapiens	Activates macrophages in immune response (123)
	Homo sapiens	Mini-WARS inhibits angiogenesis (124–128)
YARS	Homo sapiens	Locates to the nucleus and protects against DNA damage (129–131)
	Homo sapiens	Mini-YARS promotes angiogenesis (125,127,128,132,133)