Table 1. Characteristics of study subjects by offspring sex and gestational diabetes mellitus exposure group.
| Socio-demographic, clinical and lifestyle characteristics | All | P | Boys | P | Girls | P | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GDM | No GDM | GDM | No GDM | GDM | No GDM | ||||
| (n = 600) | (n = 600) | (n = 309) | (n = 309) | (n = 291) | (n = 291) | ||||
| Mother | |||||||||
| Primiparous | 21.7 | 39.2 | <0.001 | 21.7 | 42.2 | <0.001 | 21.7 | 36.1 | <0.001 |
| Age (years) at delivery | 32.4 ± 5.9 | 27.6 ± 6.2 | <0.001 | 32.2 ± 6.1 | 27.2 ± 6.1 | <0.001 | 32.6 ± 5.8 | 28.1 ± 6.3 | <0.001 |
| Education a | |||||||||
| College | 29.2 | 41.3 | <0.001 | 31.4 | 42.9 | 0.003 | 26.9 | 39.6 | <0.001 |
| High school | 28.7 | 32.2 | 26.1 | 32.8 | 31.5 | 31.6 | |||
| Elementary school | 42.1 | 26.5 | 42.5 | 24.3 | 41.6 | 28.8 | |||
| Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | 27.0 ± 5.9 | 23.2 ± 5.0 | <0.001 | 27.1 ± 6.1 | 23.1± 4.7 | <0.001 | 27.0 ± 5.7 | 23.4 ± 5.3 | <0.001 |
| Pre-pregnancy BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 | 58.0 | 27.0 | <0.001 | 56.7 | 26.9 | <0.001 | 59.3 | 27.2 | <0.001 |
| Gestational weight gain (kg) | 8.6 ± 6.2 | 11.8 ± 5.6 | <0.001 | 8.7 ± 5.6 | 11.8 ± 5.7 | <0.001 | 8.6 ± 6.8 | 11.8 ± 5.6 | <0.001 |
| Weight gain (kg/m2) at follow-up since pregnancy (5–7 years after delivery) | 1.7 ± 3.0 | 2.8 ± 3.1 | <0.001 | 1.8 ± 2.9 | 2.9 ± 3.2 | <0.001 | 1.6 ± 3.1 | 2.8 ± 3.0 | <0.001 |
| Child | |||||||||
| Birthweight (g) | 3183 ± 563 | 3047 ± 500 | <0.001 | 3217 ± 573 | 3108 ± 494 | 0.003 | 3146 ± 550 | 2981 ± 497 | <0.001 |
| Breastfeeding < 3 months | 59.3 | 53.3 | 0.036 | 61.1 | 54.9 | 0.116 | 57.4 | 51.6 | 0.162 |
| Characteristics at follow-up (5–7 years after birth): | |||||||||
| Age (years) | 6.12 (5.00–7.76) |
6.29 (5.00–7.89) |
<0.001 | 6.13 (5.00–7.70) |
6.26 (5.00–7.84) |
<0.001 | 6.11 (5.00–7.76) |
6.31 (5.00–7.89) |
<0.001 |
| BMI ≥ IOTF-25 | 25.5 | 14.2 | <0.001 | 29.2 | 12.3 | <0.001 | 21.6 | 16.1 | 0.101 |
| Waist circumference > median b | 53.2 | 44.3 | 0.002 | 54.9 | 44.4 | 0.007 | 51.4 | 44.1 | 0.104 |
| Reported energy intake (kcal/day) | 1615 ± 296 | 1604 ± 312 | 0.515 | 1682 ± 286 | 1679 ± 319 | 0.884 | 1543 ± 291 | 1525 ± 283 | 0.408 |
| Time spent exercising during the week preceding follow-up | |||||||||
| ≤ 0.75 hour | 46.0 | 45.8 | 1.000 | 41.2 | 41.4 | 0.931 | 51.0 | 50.5 | 0.929 |
| Time spent watching TV during the week preceding follow-up | |||||||||
| > 2 hours on school days | 12.3 | 13.3 | 0.607 | 12.3 | 13.3 | 0.718 | 12.4 | 13.4 | 0.714 |
Figures are column percentage, mean ± standard deviation, median (min-max), and Pvalue.
a Education was tested for college / pre-college.
BMI: body mass index. GDM: gestational diabetes mellitus. IOTF: international obesity task force cut-off.
b aged-sex specific cut-off in the unexposed group.