Table 2. Gestational diabetes mellitus exposure and co-factors associated with offspring overweight (BMI ≥ IOTF-25) at 5–7 years by sex.
| Conditional logistic regression | Exposure | Boys (309 pairs) | Girls (291 pairs) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95% CI | P | OR | 95% CI | P | ||
| Crude models | |||||||
| GDM | No | 1.00 | - | <0.001 | 1.00 | - | 0.101 |
| Yes | 3.13 | 1.97–4.95 | 1.41 | 0.94–2.13 | |||
| Adjusted models | |||||||
| GDM | No | 1.00 | - | 0.007 | 1.00 | - | 0.093 |
| Yes | 2.34 | 1.26–4.34 | 0.56 | 0.28–1.10 | |||
| Maternal pre-pregnancy BMI | < 25 kg/m2 | 1.00 | - | 0.005 | 1.00 | - | <0.001 |
| ≥ 25 kg/m2 | 2.95 | 1.39–6.24 | 4.97 | 2.13–11.57 | |||
| Maternal status | Primiparous | 1.00 | - | 0.481 | 1.00 | - | 0.571 |
| Multiparous | 0.72 | 0.28–1.82 | 1.31 | 0.51–3.35 | |||
| Maternal age (continuous) | + 5 years | 1.13 | 0.78–1.64 | 0.510 | 1.09 | 0.79–1.52 | 0.598 |
| Maternal education | College | 1.00 | - | 0.752 | 1.00 | - | 0.233 |
| High school | 1.18 | 0.47–2.98 | 0.84 | 0.34–2.09 | |||
| Elementary school | 0.81 | 0.33–2.01 | 1.78 | 0.64–4.95 | |||
For each sex, two models are presented: one crude (non-adjusted) model and one adjusted model. Figures are odds ratios (OR), 95% confidence interval of odds ratios, Pvalue for global effect. Data are from pairs (1:1) of children (exposed to GDM / unexposed to GDM) matched for sex, gestational age, and birth period. Reference category for dependent variable is BMI < IOTF-25. Missing data distribution (number of missing observations / total number of observations): Crude model for Boys (2/618); Crude model for Girls (0/582); Adjusted model for Boys (11/618); Adjusted model for Girls (13/582). BMI: body mass index. GDM: gestational diabetes mellitus. IOTF: international obesity task force cut-off.