Table 2.
Adjusted HR of incident diabetes in men according to smoking status
|
Urban |
Rural |
Overall |
||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cases (n) | Rate* | HR (95% CI) |
Cases (n) | Rate* | HR (95% CI) |
Cases (n) | Rate* | HR (95% CI) |
||||
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model 2 | |||||||
| Never-smokers | 400 | 2·80 | 1·00 (0·90–1·11) | 1·00 (0·90–1·11) | 319 | 2·60 | 1·00 (0·89–1·12) | 1·00 (0·89–1·12) | 719 | 2·68 | 1·00 (0·93–1·08) | 1·00 (0·93–1·08) |
| Ex-smokers | 229 | 3·11 | 1·21 (1·06–1·38) | 1·11 (0·98–1·27) | 201 | 2·59 | 1·09 (0·95–1·25) | 1·00 (0·87–1·14) | 430 | 2·82 | 1·15 (1·05–1·27) | 1·05 (0·96–1·16) |
| Occasional smokers | 268 | 3·07 | 1·10 (0·98–1·25) | 1·09 (0·97–1·24) | 291 | 2·96 | 1·11 (0·99–1·24) | 1·14 (1·01–1·28) | 559 | 3·00 | 1·11 (1·02–1·21) | 1·12 (1·03–1·21) |
| Ever-regular smokers | 1426 | 3·31 | 1·11 (1·05–1·18) | 1·18 (1·12–1·25) | 2060 | 2·87 | 0·97 (0·93–1·02) | 1·10 (1·05–1·15) | 3486 | 3·05 | 1·04 (1·00–1·08) | 1·14 (1·10–1·18) |
| p for heterogeneity | .. | .. | 0·14 | 0·045 | .. | .. | 0·12 | 0·20 | .. | .. | 0·061 | 0·019 |
Model 1 was stratified by age at risk and study area and adjusted for education, alcohol consumption, and physical activity. Model 2 was additionally adjusted for body-mass index and waist circumference. HR=hazard ratio. Ex-smokers=ex-smokers who stopped by choice. Ever-regular smokers=current smokers and ex-smokers who stopped because of illness.
*
Incidence rate per 1000 person-years was calculated from the HRs (model 2) using a weighted method with the number of events in each group as the weighting variable.