Table 3.
Household risk factors for parasitaemia in children aged 6 months to 10 years in Nagongera, Uganda, before and after the introduction of indoor residual spraying
|
Before indoor residual spraying (Aug 19, 2011, to Jan 31, 2015) |
After indoor residual spraying (Feb 1, 2015, to June 30, 2017) |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parasite rate* (total blood smears) | OR†(95% CI) | p value | Parasite rate* (total blood smears) | OR†(95% CI) | p value | ||
| Age | |||||||
| 6 months to <2 years | 17·6 (375) | 1 (ref) | ·· | 2·8 (218) | 1 (ref) | ·· | |
| 2 to <5 years | 26·0 (1152) | 1·64 (1·15–2·33) | 0·006 | 6·7 (1635) | 2·52 (0·95–6·69) | 0·06 | |
| 5 to 10 years | 37·2 (2358) | 2·76 (1·93–3·94) | <0·0001 | 19·0 (2903) | 8·16 (2·92–22·81) | <0·0001 | |
| Sex | |||||||
| Female | 30·8 (1764) | 1 (ref) | ·· | 10·5 (2285) | 1 (ref) | ·· | |
| Male | 33·0 (2121) | 1·10 (0·88–1·37) | 0·40 | 17·2 (2471) | 1·80 (1·27–2·56) | 0·001 | |
| 2013 household data | |||||||
| Wealth index tertile | |||||||
| Poorest | 40·0 (1274) | 1 (ref) | ·· | 20·6 (1707) | 1 (ref) | ·· | |
| Middle | 30·5 (1353) | 0·63 (0·47–0·85) | 0·003 | 9·4 (1617) | 0·40 (0·25–0·63) | <0·0001 | |
| Least poor | 26·2 (1158) | 0·51 (0·35–0·75) | 0·001 | 11·2 (1432) | 0·52 (0·30–0·92) | 0·03 | |
| Main roof material | |||||||
| Thatched | 29·5 (1537) | 1 (ref) | ·· | 12·5 (2052) | 1 (ref) | ·· | |
| Tiles or metal | 33·6 (2348) | 1·33 (0·99–1·78) | 0·06 | 15·1 (2704) | 1·34 (0·75–2·37) | 0·32 | |
| Main wall material | |||||||
| Mud | 34·2 (3236) | 1 (ref) | ·· | 15·3 (4062) | 1 (ref) | ·· | |
| Cement, wood, or metal | 21·0 (649) | 0·59 (0·42–0·83) | 0·003 | 6·1 (694) | 0·45 (0·24–0·83) | 0·01 | |
| Eaves | |||||||
| Open | 32·5 (1910) | 1 (ref) | ·· | 14·1 (2457) | 1 (ref) | ·· | |
| Closed | 31·5 (1975) | 1·04 (0·78–1·39) | 0·77 | 13·8 (2299) | 1·13 (0·69–1·86) | 0·63 | |
| 2016 household data | |||||||
| Wealth index tertile | |||||||
| Poorest | 36·3 (1165) | 1 (ref) | ·· | 16·1 (1659) | 1 (ref) | ·· | |
| Middle | 35·5 (1292) | 0·91 (0·64–1·29) | 0·58 | 15·9 (1618) | 0·86 (0·51–1·46) | 0·58 | |
| Least poor | 24·6 (1031) | 0·57 (0·40–0·81) | 0·002 | 8·7 (1432) | 0·50 (0·25–0·99) | 0·05 | |
| Main roof material | |||||||
| Thatched | 30·9 (955) | 1 (ref) | ·· | 12·6 (1345) | 1 (ref) | ·· | |
| Tiles or metal | 33·2 (2533) | 1·18 (0·83–1·68) | 0·35 | 14·2 (3364) | 1·13 (0·57–2·22) | 0·73 | |
| Main wall material | |||||||
| Mud | 32·6 (1862) | 1 (ref) | ·· | 15·0 (2430) | 1 (ref) | ·· | |
| Cement, wood, or metal | 32·6 (1626) | 1·09 (0·81–1·46) | 0·58 | 12·5 (2279) | 0·87 (0·54–1·39) | 0·55 | |
| Eaves | |||||||
| Open | 31·4 (1199) | 1 (ref) | ·· | 13·3 (1704) | 1 (ref) | ·· | |
| Closed | 33·2 (2289) | 1·08 (0·78–1·50) | 0·63 | 14·0 (3005) | 1·00 (0·54–1·86) | 1·00 | |
| All household data | |||||||
| House typeठ| |||||||
| Traditional (2013 and 2016) | 33·2 (1912) | 1 (ref) | ·· | 15·1 (2523) | 1 (ref) | ·· | |
| Traditional (2013) and modern (2016) | 36·6 (1062) | 1·33 (0·94–1·87) | 0·11 | 15·2 (1497) | 1·06 (0·64–1·75) | 0·82 | |
| Modern (2013 and 2016) | 23·3 (450) | 0·79 (0·57–1·11) | 0·17 | 6·4 (624) | 0·43 (0·24–0·77) | 0·004 | |
*
Parasite rate=total positive blood smears/total blood smears.
†
Odds ratio (OR) adjusted for age at the time of the blood smear (continuous variable), sex, and household socioeconomic position.
‡
Modern houses were defined as those with a cement, wood, or metal wall, tiled or metal roof, and closed eaves; all other houses were defined as traditional.
§
Before indoor residual spraying, OR adjusted for 2013 household socioeconomic position and after indoor residual spraying, OR adjusted for 2016 household socioeconomic position.