Table 2.
Sublethal effects of clothianidin on developmental time in specific stages of the F1 generation of B. tabaci MED and MEAM1
| Developmental time from egg to the indicated stage (d) | Control | LC25 treatment | U(Z) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| MED | ||||
| First instar | 6.85 ± 0.05 | 6.68 ± 0.04* | 17319.5(−2.311) | 0.021 |
| Second instar | 10.31 ± 0.08 | 10.30 ± 0.08 | 16773.5 (−0.195) | 0.845 |
| Third instar | 12.77 ± 0.11 | 12.34 ± 0.09 | 12377.0 (−1.897) | 0.058 |
| Pseudopupae | 16.14 ± 0.11 | 16.15 ± 0.10 | 11775.0 (−0.300) | 0.764 |
| Adult | 20.77 ± 0.12 | 19.51 ± 0.10* | 5218.0 (−7.079) | <0.0001 |
| MEAM1 | ||||
| First instar | 6.65 ± 0.05 | 6.38 ± 0.05* | 15252.5 (−4.226) | <0.0001 |
| Second instar | 9.82 ± 0.08 | 9.69 ± 0.09 | 15875.5 (−0.844) | 0.398 |
| Third instar | 12.89 ± 0.09 | 12.86 ± 0.08 | 13814.0 (−0.208) | 0.835 |
| Pseudopupae | 15.82 ± 0.10 | 15.83 ± 0.10 | 10377.0 (−0.414) | 0.679 |
| Adult | 19.41 ± 0.10 | 18.62 ± 0.11* | 5833.5 (−5.115) | <0.0001 |
Values are means ± SE. Statistical comparisons are between whiteflies not treated with clothianidin (Control) and those treated with the LC25 of clothianidin.
*The means in a row are significantly different at P < 0.05 according to the nonparametric Mann–Whitney U-test.