Figure 2. DDR1 promotes CRC metastasis formation.

• A–D
  DDR1 depletion by shRNA inhibits CRC cell invasion and metastasis. (A) DDR1 expression in CRC cells infected with vectors expressing the indicated shRNA was assessed by Western blotting. Invasion of infected CRC cells in Boyden chamber (B) and in collagen I matrix (C) (mean ± SEM; n = 3 (B) and n = 7 (C); **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 Student's t‐test). A representative image of cell migration for each cell line is shown. (D) HCT116 cells infected with the indicated vectors were injected in the spleen of nude mice (n = 12/group). After 4 weeks, livers were removed. A representative liver image for each group, the metastatic index and the ctDNA level (ng/ml of plasma) for each animal are shown (mean ± SEM; *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01 Student's t‐test).
• E–G
  DDR1 overexpression promotes CRC cell invasion and metastasis formation. (E) DDR1 expression in CRC cells infected with the indicated viruses. (F) Invasion in Boyden chambers of CRC cells that were infected with the indicated viruses (mean ± SEM; n = 3; *P < 0.05 Student's t‐test). (G) SW620 cells infected with the indicated viruses were injected in the spleen of nude mice (n = 12 for the mock group and n = 20 for the DDR1 group). After 4 weeks, livers were removed. A representative liver image for each group, the metastatic index and the relative ctDNA level of each animal are shown (mean ± SEM; *P < 0.05 Student's t‐test).

Source data are available online for this figure.