Table 1.
Statistical differences in temporal-spatial characteristics of gait and foot clearance outcomes due to group and walking condition.
| Controls (n = 38) |
PD (n = 36) |
General linear model |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Preferred velocity | Fast velocity | Difference (Fast – Preferred) | Preferred velocity | Fast velocity | Difference (Fast – Preferred) | Condition | Group | Condition × Group | |
| Gait velocity (m/s) | 1.28 [0.20] | 1.76 [0.33] | 0.48 [0.21] | 1.20 [0.26] | 1.53 [0.33] | 0.34 [0.15] | <.001 | .016 | .001 |
| Swing velocity (m/s) | 1.76 [0.23] | 2.28 [0.36] | 0.52 [0.22] | 1.67 [0.27] | 2.03 [0.33] | 0.36 [0.16] | <.001 | .014 | .001 |
| Step length (m) | 0.68 [0.10] | 0.79 [0.13] | 0.10 [0.05] | 0.64 [0.18] | 0.73 [0.13] | 0.09 [0.05] | <.001 | .075 | .335 |
| Step time (msec) | 539.0 [47.9] | 450.8 [52.4] | −88.2 [35.9] | 540.9 [51.8] | 482.4 [59.0] | −58.5 [44.7] | <.001 | .145 | .002 |
| Swing time (msec) | 391.4 [33.9] | 346.5 [39.1] | −44.9 [23.5] | 384.7 [40.3] | 361.0 [45.0] | −23.7 [33.1] | <.001 | .646 | .002 |
| Walk ratio (Length/Cadence) | 0.00615 [0.00102] | 0.00591 [0.00121] | −0.0002 [0.0005] | 0.00577 [0.00113] | 0.00588 [0.00136] | 0.0001 [0.0008] | .373 | .438 | .018 |
| Total number of steps | 1096 | 956 | −140 | 1113 | 975 | −138 | <.001 | .226 | .909 |
| Peak heel clearance (mm) | 253.8 [31.5] | 266.0 [33.1] | 12.2 [7.7] | 253.4 [29.1] | 264.1 [26.8] | 10.7 [11.1] | <.001 | .870 | .489 |
| Landing (heel) gradient | 2.34 [0.68] | 2.75 [1.09] | 0.41 [0.58] | 2.14 [0.69] | 2.39 [0.77] | 0.25 [0.58] | <.001 | .130 | .249 |
| Max toe clearance (ESW; mm) | 28.9 [6.9] | 31.6 [8.6] | 2.65 [5.48] | 30.3 [8.9] | 34.8 [10.9] | 4.04 [6.67] | <.001 | .296 | .331 |
| Min toe clearance (MSW; mm) | 28.1 [7.1] | 30.5 [8.3] | 2.34 [5.20] | 29.6 [9.0] | 33.7 [10.8] | 3.55 [6.20] | <.001 | .285 | .370 |
| Max toe clearance (LSW; mm) | 139.0 [29.4] | 155.8 [36.1] | 16.75 [13.37] | 119.4 [30.6] | 135.7 [35.1] | 16.27 [10.60] | <.001 | .010 | .864 |
| Take-off (toe) gradient | 4.91 [1.33] | 5.33 [1.48] | 0.41 [0.60] | 4.62 [1.48] | 5.18 1.48] | 0.56 [0.63] | <.001 | .507 | .290 |
ESW, MSW and LSW denotes early, mid and late swing, respectively. Min and Max denote minimum and maximum, respectively. Data are presented mean [SD] except for the total number of steps which is presented as the cumulative frequency of steps for each cohort and walking condition. One PD participant displayed 100% unimodal toe trajectories during preferred walking thus n = 35 for maximum toe clearance (early swing) and minimum toe clearance (mid-swing) and was excluded due to pairwise comparisons. Italicized values main and interaction effects p < .05.