Table 3.
Association Between Antenatal Exposure to Hazardous Alcohol Use and Infant WAZ (n = 931), HAZ (n = 919), and HCAZ (n = 923) at Birth
| Variable | Infant WAZ | Infant HAZ | Infant HCZ | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Univariate regression coefficient (95% CI) | Multivariate regression coefficient (95% CI)a | Univariate regression coefficient (95% CI) | Multivariate regression coefficient (95% CI) | Univariate regression coefficient (95% CI) | Multivariate regression coefficient (95% CI) | |
| Hazardous alcohol use | −0.51 (−0.69; −0.31)b | −0.35 (−0.56; −0.14)b | −0.65 (−0.92; −0.38)b | −0.46 (−0.76; −0.17)b | −0.54 (−0.78; −0.30)b | −0.43 (−0.69; −0.17)b |
| Maternal age | 0.03 (0.01; 0.03)b | 0.01 (−0.00; 0.02) | 0.02 (0.00; 0.04)b | 0.01 (−0.01; 0.02) | 0.03 (0.02; 0.05)b | 0.03 (0.02; 0.05)b |
| Maternal BMI | 0.03 (0.02; 0.04)b | 0.02 (0.01; 0.03)b | 0.02 (0.00; 0.03)b | 0.01 (−0.00; 0.03) | 0.02 (0.01; 0.03)b | 0.00 (−0.01; 0.02) |
| Parity | ||||||
| 0 to 1 child | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
| 2 children | −0.14 (−0.34; 0.51) | 0.06 (−0.21; 0.32) | −0.09 (−0.33; 0.16) | |||
| 3 children | 0.09 (−0.21; 0.38) | 0.26 (−0.15; 0.66) | 0.06 (−0.31; 0.43) | |||
| 4 children | 0.37 (−0.16; 0.87) | −0.16 (−0.82; 0.53) | 0.55 (−0.06; 1.17) | |||
| 5 children | 0.29 (−0.77; 1.34) | 0.12 (−1.31; 1.54) | 0.75 (−0.57; 2.07) | |||
| 6 children | −1.84 (−3.94; 0.26) | −1.27 (−4.11; 1.57) | −2.17 (−4.80; 0.46) | |||
| Ancestry | ||||||
| African | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Mixed ancestry | −0.27 (−0.40; −0.13)b | −0.06 (−0.22; 0.11) | −0.22 (−0.40; −0.03)b | −0.00 (−0.22; 0.22) | −0.29 (−0.46; −0.13)b | −0.08 (−0.30; 0.12) |
| HIV‐sero‐positive | 0.13 (−0.04; 0.29) | 0.03 (−0.20; 0.25) | 0.21 (−0.00; 0.41) | |||
| Educational attainment | ||||||
| Primary | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
| Some secondary | 0.21 (−0.04; 0.46) | 0.05 (−0.30; 0.39) | 0.11 (−0.20; 0.41) | |||
| Completed secondary | 0.23 (−0.03; 0.49) | 0.20 (−0.16; 0.56) | 0.13 (−0.19; 0.45) | |||
| Any tertiary | 0.24 (−0.12; 0.61) | 0.00 (−0.50; 0.50) | 0.07 (−0.38; 0.52) | |||
| Average household income | ||||||
| <R1,000/month | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||
| R1,000 to R5,000/month | −0.10 (−0.25; 0.04) | −0.08 (−0.29; 0.11) | −0.17 (−0.34; −0.01)b | −0.21 (−0.39; −0.02)b | ||
| >R5,000/month | 0.17 (−0.04; −0.38) | 0.24 (−0.05; 0.52) | −0.09 (−0.17; 0.35) | 0.03 (−0.24; 0.29) | ||
| Childhood trauma | −0.15 (−0.29; −0.00)b | −0.02 (−0.17; 0.13) | −0.21 (−0.40; −0.01)b | −0.13 (−0.34; 0.07) | −0.06 (−0.24; 0.11) | |
| Stressful life events | −0.15 (−0.29; −0.01)b | −0.01 (−0.04; 0.02) | −0.03 (−0.07; 0.02) | −0.06 (−0.09; −0.02)b | −0.02 (−0.06; 0.03) | |
| Intimate partner violence | −0.18 (−0.32; −0.04)b | −0.06 (−0.21; 0.09) | −0.15 (−0.35; 0.04) | −0.20 (−0.37; −0.02)b | −0.02 (−0.20; 0.17) | |
| Depression | −0.27 (−0.43; −0.11)b | −0.12 (−0.29; 0.06) | −0.22 (−0.43; 0.00)b | −0.08 (−0.31; 0.16) | −0.33 (−0.53; −0.13)b | −0.21 (−0.42; 0.00) |
| Hazardous tobacco use | −0.36 (−0.51; −0.22)b | −0.16 (−0.35; 0.03) | −0.35 (−0.55; −0.15)b | −0.21 (−0.47; 0.05) | −0.36 (−0.54; −0.18)b | −0.09 (−0.32; 0.15) |
| Hazardous drug use | −0.21 (−0.59; 0.17) | −0.14 (−0.66; 0.38) | −0.15 (−0.62; 0.32) | |||
CI, confidence interval.
a
Adjusted for all variables significantly associated with outcome in univariate models.
b
p < 0.05.