Table 1.
Sample demographics
| Young adults | Older adults | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Training group | Active control | Passive control | Training group | Active control | Passive control | |
| (18F/13M) | (11F/2M) | (13F/15M) | (23F/21M) | (11F/7M) | (33F/16M) | |
| M ± SD | M ± SD | M ± SD | M ± SD | M ± SD | M ± SD | |
| Age | 26.0 ± 3.3 | 26.6 ± 3.2 | 26.1 ± 3.0 | 73.3 ± 2.7 | 73.5 ± 2.9 | 73.4 ± 3.2 |
| Edu | 15.6 ± 1.8 | 15.4 ± 2.1 | 15.8 ± 2.2 | 15.7 ± 3.1 | 16.2 ± 2.7 | 14.3 ± 2.6 |
| MMSE | 29.0 ± 1.2 | 29.5 ± 0.7 | 29.3 ± 1.1 | 28.8 ± 1.3 | 28.2 ± 1.5 | 28.8 ± 1.1 |
| IQ | 110.9 ± 9.9 | 112.1 ± 5.2 | 114.6 ± 8.5 | 122.4 ± 11.1 | 121.3 ± 5.6 | 118.4 ± 10.3 |
| CVLT L | 61.4 ± 5.5 | 62.3 ± 9.4 | 62.8 ± 8.6 | 47.2 ± 10.8 | 50.0 ± 10.0 | 47.0 ± 10.3 |
| CVLT R | 13.9 ± 1.7 | 14.5 ± 2.1 | 13.9 ± 2.5 | 10.1 ± 3.5 | 11.4 ± 3.3 | 9.9 ± 2.8 |
| MRI interval (days) | 77.2 ± 3.9 | 77.9 ± 1.8 | 76.7 ± 0.9 | 75.8 ± 8.3 | 77.3 ± 1.1 | 76.6 ± 3.1 |
The table includes demographics for the included participants measured at baseline. Analysis of variance (Bonferroni corrected) showed no differences between the intervention groups in the young and the older samples, respectively (all P values above 0.16, with the exception of a tendency toward a difference in education between the passive and the active control group in the older sample (P = 0.051). Across intervention groups, the young adults performed better than the older adults on MMSE (t = 2.69, P = 0.08), CVLT learning (L) (t = 10.99, P = 7.82 × 10−22) and CVLT recall (R) (t = 9.79, P = 1.89 × 10−18). The older adults showed higher IQ scores than the young adults (t = 5.46, P = 1.57 × 10−7).