TABLE I. Cryptococcosis in Latin America. Epidemiological and clinical data.
Country | Number of cases | Percentage of cases | Reference | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| |||||||||||
Male | HIV+ | Clinical presentation (%) | Headache | High ICP > 25 cm H20 | C. gattii | Lethality | |||||
| |||||||||||
global | HIV+ | HIV- | |||||||||
Argentina | |||||||||||
Buenos Aires | 58 | 100 | 100 | Meningitis (100) | 88 | 21 | 21 | Cangelosi et al. (2009) | |||
Buenos Aires | 2041 | 75 | 98 | Meningitis (90) | 70 | 79 | 0.3 | 40 | Arechavala et al. (2017) | ||
Buenos Aires | 58 | 88 | 100 | Meningitis (100) | 19 | 19 | Ramírez et al. (2017) | ||||
Buenos Aires Province | 106 | 71 | 100 | Neuro (91) | 36 | 36 | Mónaco and Antabak (2008) | ||||
Chaco (Corrientes) | 26 | 69 | 69 | Meningitis (96) | 0 | Cattana et al. (2015) | |||||
Córdoba (Córdoba) | 53 | 66 | 100 | Luque et al. (2017) | |||||||
Brazil | |||||||||||
Bahia | 104 | 62 | 12 | 93 | 43 | 12 | Darzé et al. (2000) | ||||
Bahia | 50 | 70 | 52 | Meningitis (100) | 92 | 77 (> 20 cmH2O) | 22 | Mascarenhas-Batista et al. (2013) | |||
Goiás (Goiânia) | 62 | 74 | 85 | Meningitis (100) | 76 | 6 | 48 | 47 | 56 | Hasimoto e Souza et al. (2013) | |
Mato Grosso do Sul (Campo Grande) | 123 | 68 | 84 | Neuro (84) | 76 | 10 | 50 | 51 | 41 | Lindenberg et al. (2008) | |
Mina Gerais (Uberlandia) | 96 | 80 | 81 | Meningitis (56) | 7 | 73 | 77 | Moreira et al. (2006) | |||
Mina Gerais (Uberlandia) | 41 | 83 | 85 | Meningitis (75) | 0 | 58 | 60 | 25 | Aguiar et al. (2017) | ||
Mina Gerais (Uberaba) | 131 | 69 | 91 | Meningitis (79) | 60 | 53 | 5 | 51 | Mora et al. (2012) | ||
Río de Janeiro (Rio de Janeiro) | 696 | 73 | 61 | Meningitis (96) | 52 | 61 | Leimann and Koifman (2008) | ||||
Rio de Janeiro (Rio de Janeiro) | 138 | 76 | 100 | Meningitis (100) | 62 | 62 | Ramírez et al. (2017) | ||||
Rio Grande do Sul (Porto Alegre) | 126 | 77 | 95 | Meningitis (100) | 80 | 5 | Leal et al. (2008) | ||||
São Paulo (São Paulo) | 98 | 78 | 97 | Meningitis (100) | 91 | 55 | 30 | Vidal et al. (2012) | |||
São Paulo (São Paulo) | 29 | 55 | 0 | Neuro (86) | 96 | 76 (≥ 20 cmH2O) | 64 | 21 | 21 | Lomes et al. (2016) | |
National, children | 53 | 53 | 24 | Neuro (96) | 85 | 30 | 41 | Severo et al. (2009) | |||
Bolivia | |||||||||||
Cochabamba | 31 | 83 | 100 | Meningitis (100) | 23 | 67 | 67 | Castro and Córdoba (2014) | |||
Chile | |||||||||||
Santiago | 28 | 93 | 100 | Meningitis (100) | 21 | 21 | Ramírez et al. (2017) | ||||
Colombia | |||||||||||
National 1997-2005 | 931 | 83 | 78 | Neuro (96) | 85 | 4 | Lizarazo et al. (2007) | ||||
National 2006-2010 | 526 | 77 | 83 | Neuro (81) | 84 | 20 | 3 | 32 | Escandón et al. (2012) | ||
Norte de Santander (Cúcuta) | 90 | 77 | 70 | Meningitis (100) | 90 | 57 | 22 | 34 | 49 | 16 | Lizarazo et al. (2012) |
Atlántico (Barranquilla) | 41 | 76 | 78 | Meningitis (66) | 1 | Noguera et al. (2015) | |||||
National, children | 41 | 58 | 24 | Meningitis (88) | 78 | 6 | Lizarazo et al. (2014a) | ||||
Costa Rica | |||||||||||
San José | 71 | 79 | 73 | Neuro (73) | 100 | 0 | 46 | 46 | 0 | Ávila and Villalobos (2016) | |
Cuba | |||||||||||
La Habana | 16 | 82 | 0 | Neuro (100) | 81 | 31 | 31 | Fernández-Concepción et al. (2003) | |||
Ecuador | |||||||||||
Guayaquil | 82 | 73 | 100 | Meningitis (100) | 78 | Sánchez et al. (2016) | |||||
Guatemala | |||||||||||
Guatemala | 110 | 73 | 100 | Meningitis (100) | 80 | 14 | 14 | Romero et al. (2005) | |||
Guatemala | 60 | 80 | 100 | Meningitis (100) | 43 | 43 | Mejía and del Valle (2012) | ||||
Guatemala | 28 | 72 | 100 | Meningitis (100) | 93 | 21 | 21 | Herrera et al. (2014) | |||
Honduras | |||||||||||
Tegucigalpa | 27 | 59 | 100 | Meningitis (100) | 33 | 33 | Ramírez et al. (2017) | ||||
Mexico | |||||||||||
Ciudad de Mexico | 34 | 85 | 100 | Meningitis (100) | 38 | 38 | Ramírez et al. (2017) | ||||
Panama | |||||||||||
Panama | 28 | 61 | 100 | Meningitis (100) | 96 | 57 (≥ 20 cmH2O) | 50 | 50 | González et al. (2013) | ||
Paraguay | |||||||||||
Itauguá | 13 | 76 | 62 | Meningitis (100) | 90 | 46 | 83 | 20 | Sierra (2013) | ||
Peru | |||||||||||
Lima | 47 | 87 | 100 | Meningitis (100) | 100 | 64 (≥ 20 cmH2O) | 0 | 19 | 19 | Dammert et al. (2008) | |
Lima | 90 | 77 | 100 | Meningitis (100) | 41 | 41 | Canessa et al. (2011) | ||||
Lima | 234 | 100 | Meningitis (100) | 86 | 20 | 20 | Concha-Velasco et al. (2017) | ||||
Uruguay | |||||||||||
Montevideo | 147 | 92 | 0.7 | Carbia et al. (2017) | |||||||
Venezuela | |||||||||||
Caracas | 110 | 83 | 83 | Meningitis (97) | 30 | 32 | 21 | Pérez et al. (2009) |
ICP: intracranial pressure; Neuro: meningitis, meningoencephalitis and cryptococcoma.