Figure 5.

Effect of platelet‐rich fibrin (PRF) on vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression, VEGF protein content, bone morphogenic protein 2 (BMP‐2) expression and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) expression. VEGF protein amount in cell culture supernatants (a, b) was determined using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and relative gene expression levels of VEGF was analysed by quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using the ΔΔCt method and setting (c, d). BMP‐2 expression, as well as ALP expression, was analysed using quantitative real‐time PCR (e‐h). The analysis was performed in iPRF clots compared with PRF mixed either with outgrowth endothelial cells (OECs), primary osteoblasts (pOBs) or co‐cultures of both cell types. The clot/cell mixture was cultivated for 24 h and 7 days. Statistical significance was achieved when **p < 0.03). Scale bar: 75 μm (d). n = 3