Table 1.
Clinical and metabolic characteristics of the control and obese groups at baseline and 6 months after the bariatric surgery
| Baseline | Baseline | P | After surgery | After surgery | P | Time | Time6Group | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control | Obese nT2D | Obese T2D | nT2D vs T2D | Obese nT2D | Obese T2D | nT2D vs T2D | |||
| Age, years | 45 (42‐50) | 42 (38‐45) | 49 (45‐53) | 0.02 | |||||
| Height, cm | 168 | 166 | 167 | 0.74 | |||||
| Weight, kga | 64.4 (61.5‐67.4) | 117.3 (112.6‐122.3)4 | 114.4 (108.6‐120.6)4 | 0.74 | 89.5 (85.0‐94.1)4 | 88.6 (83.2‐94.4)4 | 0.97 | <0.001 | 0.76 |
| BMI, kg/m2a | 22.9 (22.0‐23.8) | 42.6 (41.2‐44.1)4 | 41.0 (39.2‐42.9)4 | 0.36 | 32.6 (31.2‐34.1)4 | 31.7 (30.0‐33.6)4 | 0.74 | <0.001 | 0.82 |
| BSA, m‐2a | 1.7 (1.7‐1.8) | 2.2 (2.2‐2.3)4 | 2.2 (2.1‐2.3)4 | 0.97 | 2.0 (1.9‐2.0)4 | 2.0 (1.9‐2.0)4 | 0.99 | <0.001 | 0.78 |
| WHR | 0.80 (0.76‐0.83) | 0.88 (0.85‐0.91)4 | 0.94 (0.90‐0.98)4 | 0.06 | 0.87 (0.84‐0.90)5 | 0.90 (0.87‐0.94)4 | 0.40 | 0.003 | 0.053 |
| Body fat, %a | 31.8 (28.7‐34.6) | 50.6 (48.9‐52.2)4 | 48.4 (46.1‐50.5)4 | 0.25 | 43.4 (41.6‐45.2)4 | 41.7 (39.3‐44.0)4 | 0.48 | <0.001 | 0.50 |
| SAT, kga | 4.2 (3.8‐4.8) | 18.6 (16.9‐20.5)4 | 16.0 (14.1‐18.2)4 | 0.17 | 11.8 (10.4‐13.4)4 | 10.1 (8.5‐12.0)4 | 0.31 | <0.001 | 0.21 |
| VAT, kg | 0.9 (0.7‐1.2) | 3.4 (2.8‐4.1)4 | 4.0 (3.1‐5.1)4 | 0.58 | 1.8 (1.4‐2.2)5 | 2.4 (1.8‐3.3)4 | 0.20 | <0.001 | 0.46 |
| HR, bpm | 66 (62‐70) | 69 (65‐72) | 67 (63‐72) | 0.86 | 62 (58‐66) | 61 (56‐66) | 0.95 | 0.001 | 0.68 |
| RR systole, mm Hg | 129 (122‐135) | 127 (121‐134) | 138 (131‐146) | 0.06 | 126 (121‐131) | 129 (122‐135) | 0.79 | 0.016 | 0.06 |
| RR diastole, mm Hg | 81 (77‐84) | 85 (81‐88) | 87 (83‐91) | 0.64 | 80 (76‐83) | 81 (77‐86) | 0.87 | 0.002 | 0.70 |
| Laboratory values | |||||||||
| Cholesterol, mmol/L | 4.7 (4.3‐5.0) | 4.3 (4.0‐4.6) | 4.3 (3.9‐4.6) | 0.97 | 4.1 (3.8‐4.4)6 | 4.3 (4.0‐4.7) | 0.54 | 0.60 | 0.36 |
| HDL, mmol/L | 1.9 (1.7‐2.0) | 1.3 (1.2‐1.4)4 | 1.2 (1.0‐1.3)4 | 0.33 | 1.5 (1.4‐1.6)4 | 1.4 (1.2‐1.5)4 | 0.43 | <0.001 | 0.53 |
| LDL, mmol/L | 2.5 (2.2‐2.8) | 2.5 (2.2‐2.7) | 2.4 (2.1‐2.8) | 0.95 | 2.2 (2.0‐2.5) | 2.4 (2.1‐2.8) | 0.48 | 0.22 | 0.29 |
| Triglyceride, mmol/La | 0.66 (0.57‐0.76) | 1.07 (0.94‐1.224 | 1.41 (1.18‐1.68)4 | 0.65 | 0.85 (0.74‐0.98)6 | 1.08 (0.91‐1.28)4 | 0.09 | <0.001 | 0.52 |
| FFA, mmol/La | 0.45 (0.39‐0.52) | 0.62 (0.54‐0.71)5 | 0.63 (0.63‐0.75)6 | 0.99 | 0.52 (0.48‐0.66) | 0.65 (0.49‐0.72) | 0.98 | 0.47 | 0.78 |
| Glucose, mmol/La | 5.33 (5.08‐5.59) | 5.65 (5.41‐5.90) | 7.20 (6.82‐7.61)4 | <0.001 | 5.14 (4.93‐5.35) | 5.68 (5.40‐5.97) | 0.007 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Insulin, mU/La | 4.7 (3.6‐6.1) | 11.1 (8.8‐14.1)4 | 17.3 (12.7‐23.4)4 | 0.07 | 5.6 (4.5‐7.1) | 8.1 (6.1‐10.6)6 | 0.12 | <0.001 | 0.39 |
| HbA1c, % | 5.64 (5.46‐5.81) | 5.62 (5.46‐5.78) | 6.44 (6.24‐6.65)4 | <0.001 | 5.38 (5.30‐5.51) | 5.73 (5.57‐5.88) | 0.002 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| HOMA‐IRa | 1.1 (0.8‐1.5) | 2.8 (2.1‐3.6)4 | 5.5 (3.9‐7.8)4 | 0.007 | 1.3 (1.0‐1.7) | 2.1 (1.5‐2.9)5 | 0.07 | <0.001 | 0.25 |
| Matsuda indexa | 14.2 (10.1‐20.0) | 5.8 (4.3‐7.9)4 | 3.8 (2.6‐5.6)4 | 0.21 | 11.6 (8.2‐16.3) | 8.5 (5.5‐13.2) | 0.52 | <0.001 | 0.73 |
| M‐value, μmol/min/kg | 40.3 (35.8‐44.8) | 14.2 (10.3‐18.0)4 | 10.1 (5.3‐14.9)4 | 0.38 | 25.3 (20.7‐29.9)4 | 20.2 (14.0‐25.9)4 | 0.35 | <0.001 | 0.76 |
| Cytokines | |||||||||
| CRP, mg/La | 0.59 (0.41‐0.85) | 3.40 (2.41‐4.81)4 | 2.69 (1.71‐4.24)4 | 0.69 | 1.03 (0.73‐1.47)(6) | 1.01 (0.65‐1.56) | 0.99 | <0.001 | 0.56 |
| TNFα, pg/mLa | 3.44 (2.68‐4.41) | 4.35 (3.47‐5.46) | 6.30 (4.74‐8.37)5 | 0.11 | 4.27 (3.40‐5.38) | 6.14 (4.62‐8.18)5 | 0.13 | 0.41 | 0.65 |
| MCP‐1, pg/mL | 235 (179‐292) | 249 (199‐299) | 382 (319‐446)5 | 0.005 | 264 (219‐309) | 339 (282‐396)6 | 0.11 | 0.44 | 0.02 |
| IL‐6, pg/mL | 1.87 (1.32‐2.66) | 2.76 (2.10‐3.63) | 2.67 (1.94‐3.68) | 0.99 | 1.64 (1.24‐2.18) | 2.26 (1.57‐3.25) | 0.36 | 0.009 | 0.17 |
| IL‐8, pg/mL | 4.42 (3.82‐5.12) | 4.70 (4.11‐5.37) | 7.70 (6.51‐9.11)4 | <0.001 | 5.38 (4.49‐6.46) | 7.10 (5.68‐8.88)5 | 0.14 | 0.58 | 0.04 |
BMI, body mass index; BSA, body surface area; CRP, C‐reactive protein; FFA, free fatty acids; HbA1c, glycated haemoglobin; HOMA‐IR, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; HR, heart rate; IL, interleukin 6; MCP‐1, monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1; M‐value, insulin‐stimulated whole‐body glucose uptake; RR, blood pressure; SAT, abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue mass; T2D, type 2 diabetes; nT2D, without T2D; TNFα, tumour necrosis factor α; WHR, waist‐to‐hip ratio; VAT, visceral adipose tissue mass.
Data are mean and 95% confidence intervals. Statistically significant values are bolded.
***P < .001. **P < .01. *P < .05.
a
Non‐normally distributed variable.