Table 5.

Cox proportional hazard regression model for association between covariates and mortality before dialysis initiation, or dialysis initiation adjusted for competing risk of death (sub-distribution hazards model of Fine and Gray)

Variable	Mortality		P	Dialysis initiation		P
	Hazard ratio	95% CI hazard ratio		Sub-hazard ratio	95% CI sub-hazard ratio
Age, years	1.096	1.071; 1.123	<0.0001	0.978	0.971; 0.985	<0.0001
Sex, male = 1	1.342	0.914; 1.968	0.133	1.397	1.161; 1.686	<0.0001
Comorbidity index (0, 1, 2)	1.955	1.425; 2.681	<0.0001	0.805	0.651; 0.995	0.045
Study periods, Early = 1; Middle = 2; Recent = 3	1.005	0.761; 1.325	0.972	0.892	0.783; 1.014	0.082
Current smokers (0, 1)	2.485	1.514; 4.078	<0.0001	0.862	0.676; 1.098	0.228
Systolic blood pressure, ×10 mmHg	1.045	0.972; 1.124	0.235	1.058	1.020; 1.098	0.002
Baseline eGFR, ml/min/1.73 m2	0.951	0.913; 0.990	0.015	0.877	0.856; 0.899	<0.0001
Proteinuria, g/g creatinine	1.254	1.174; 1.339	<0.0001	1.105	1.053; 1.159	<0.0001
Diabetes mellitus (0, 1)	1.209	0.812; 1,799	0.350	1.323	1.030; 1.700	0.028
Diuretics (0, 1)	1.408	0.952; 2.082	0.086	1.051	0.872; 1.265	0.602
ACEI or ARB treatment (0, 1)	0.574	0.389; 0.847	0.005	1.002	0.788; 1.273	0.989
Dual blockade RAS (0,1)	0.601	0.236; 1.532	0.286	1.333	1.005; 1.768	0.046
β-blockers (0, 1)	1.113	0.727; 1.703	0.622	1.291	1.038; 1.606	0.022
Calcium-channel blockers (0, 1)	0.705	0.486; 1.024	0.066	1.162	0.970; 1.392	0.103
Antiplatelets (0, 1)	1.086	0.764; 1.544	0.645	0.852	0.691; 1.052	0.136
Statins (0, 1)	0.861	0.595; 1.246	0.427	1.118	0.929; 1.346	0.238
MTM (0, 1)	0.134	0.018; 0.966	0.046	0.974	0.748; 1.268	0.846