Table 3.

Comparison of the Effects in Hand Dexterity, Self-Expression, Depression, and Quality of Life Before and After the Clay Art Therapy Between Groups (N = 54).

Characteristic	Variables	Experimental (n = 26); Mean ± SD	Control (n = 28); Mean ± SD	t	P
Hand dexterity	Pre	35.88 ± 5.61	36.07 ± 5.99
Post	37.57 ± 5.20	34.07 ± 6.29
	Post-pre	1.69 ± 2.13	−2.00 ± 3.18	4.96	<.001
Self-Expression	Pre	63.11 ± 2.92	63.35 ± 16.95
	Post	69.69 ± 0.63	64.32 ± 15.63
	Post-pre	6.57 ± 4.58	0.96 ± 6.37	3.74	<.001
Depression	Pre	10.34 ± 2.71	11.60 ± 3.35
	Post	5.73 ± 2.12	11.89 ± 3.18
	Post-pre	−4.61 ± 1.83	0.28 ± 1.15	−11.85	<.001
Quality of life	Pre	92.26 ± 32.97	105.03 ± 43.27
	Post	110.80 ± 25.94	100.71 ± 41.67
	Post-pre	18.53 ± 8.05	−4.32 ± 12.16	8.07	<.001