Fig. 3.

VaAQUILO (VaAQ) overexpression generates a cold tolerance response in transgenic 3-week-old Arabidopsis plants. (A) Organization of the vector used for transformation of Arabidopsis plants. (B) Phenotypes of the overexpression (OE) lines (#1, #2, and #3) and WT control after cold and freezing treatment. (C) Survival rate of transgenic Arabidopsis after freezing treatment. (D) Electrolyte leakage of OE lines and WT plants treated at –4 °C to –12 °C. (E) MDA contents under non-stress and cold stress (4 °C for 3 d) conditions. Data are mean values ±SE of three biological replicates. Asterisks (**) and (*) indicate significant differences compared with the WT at P<0.01 and P<0.05 (Student’s t-test), respectively.