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. 2018 Jan 29;69(7):1749–1764. doi: 10.1093/jxb/ery020

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© The Author(s) 2018. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Experimental Biology.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Fig. 6. — Overexpression of VaAQUILO (VaAQ) enhances cold tolerance in transgenic Amur grape calli. (A) Vector construction for transformation of V. amurensis. (B) Transgenic grapevine calli introduced with empty vector (EV) and pSAK277-VaAQ. Positive transgenic calli are indicated with a red arrow. (C) Detection of VaAQ and NPTII genes at the DNA and mRNA level in the transgenic grapevine calli. Eight transgenic lines (L1–L8) were obtained and verified for DNA insertion and transcript expression of VaAQ. (D) VaAQ expression in transgenic grapevine calli. (E) Cold tolerance evaluation system of grapevine calli. After placing the calli on the thermoelectric modules (TEMs), exotherms were identified manually from a plot of thermistor output (x-axis) versus loaded TEM output minus the empty TEM output (y-axis). The low temperature exotherms (LTEs, indicating the cell freeze temperatures) were obtained to evaluate the cold tolerance. (F) LTEs of transgenic grapevine calli. Data are mean values ±SE of three biological replicates. Asterisks (**) and (*) indicate significant differences compared with the EV at P<0.01 and P<0.05 (Student’s t-test), respectively.