Fig. 8.

VaAQUILO (VaAQ) overexpression promotes the accumulation of raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs) in A. thaliana and V. amurensis. Sucrose, raffinose, and stachyose contents of VaAQ-overexpressing lines in Arabidopsis (A–C) and Amur grape calli (D–F) under non-stress and cold stress conditions. For Arabidopsis, 3-week-old plants of the wild type (WT) and three transgenic lines (#1, #2, and #3) were subjected to 4 °C for 3 d. For Amur grape calli, 2-week-old calli of empty vector (EV) and three VaAQ-overexpressing lines (L1, L2, and L3) were treated at 4 °C for 3 d. Data are mean values ±SE of three biological replicates. Different letters indicate significant differences compared with the WT or EV under non-stress conditions at P<0.05, as determined by one-way ANOVA with a post-hoc LSD test.