Table 5.
Significant factors associated with glucocorticoid use in the SLICC Inception Cohort in final multivariable models
| At enrolment | Over time | |
|---|---|---|
| Oral | ||
| On GCs (yes/no) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) |
| Age, years | 0.99 (0.98, 1.00) | 0.98 (0.96, 0.99) |
| Sex (male) | 2.35 (1.47, 3.74) | 3.90 (2.19, 6.94) |
| Ethnicity/racea | ||
| Hispanic | 2.16 (1.05, 4.45) | 2.46 (0.87, 6.95)* |
| Asian | 3.28 (1.77, 6.09) | 3.73 (1.74, 7.98) |
| African origin | 2.42 (1.62, 3.61) | 4.65 (2.68, 8.08) |
| Other | 1.56 (0.81, 3.02) | 2.20 (0.89, 5.42)* |
| Disease duration, years | 0.48 (0.32, 0.72) | 0.81 (0.79, 0.83) |
| Hypertensionb | — | 1.89 (1.56, 2.30) |
| On immunosuppressant (yes/no) | 7.07 (5.04, 9.92) | 8.72 (7.03, 10.83) |
| SLEDAI-2K | 1.08 (1.04, 1.12) | 1.09 (1.06, 1.12) |
| Active renal disease (yes/no) | 1.85 (1.16, 2.94) | — |
| Overall treatment centre effect | P < 0.0001d | P < 0.0001d |
| Daily GC dose, mg | % difference (95% CI) | % difference (95% CI) |
| Age, years | −0.72 (−1.02, −0.42) | −0.66 (−1.01, −0.31) |
| Sex (male) | — | 16.85 (2.79, 32.83) |
| Ethnicity/racea | ||
| Hispanic | — | 36.07 (1.65, 82.15) |
| Asian | — | −3.63 (−20.51, 16.82)* |
| African origin | — | 15.80 (1.06, 32.68) |
| Other | — | 1.59 (−19.74, 28.59)* |
| Disease duration, years | −42.95 (−49.02, −36.16) | −6.63 (−7.39, −5.87) |
| Hypertensionb | 18.76 (9.55, 28.73) | 20.90 (13.77, 28.46) |
| Diabetesc | — | 10.02 (1.01, 19.82) |
| On antimalarial (yes/no) | −21.47 (−27.72, −14.67) | −13.28 (−19.08, −7.07) |
| On immunosuppressant (yes/no) | 28.05 (18.42, 38.46) | 36.00 (27.75, 44.79) |
| SLEDAI-2K | 0.84 (0.04, 1.65) | 2.25 (1.58, 2.93) |
| Active renal disease (yes/no) | 22.42 (10.83, 35.23) | — |
| Overall treatment centre effect | P < 0.0001d | P < 0.0001d |
| Parenteral | ||
| Received GC (yes/no) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) |
| Disease duration (years) | — | 0.88 (0.86, 0.91) |
| Hypertensionb | 1.53 (1.13, 2.07) | 1.41 (1.13, 1.76) |
| Diabetesc | — | 1.45 (1.13, 1.86) |
| On antimalarial (yes/no) | 0.63 (0.46, 0.86) | — |
| On immunosuppressant (yes/no) | 2.06 (1.52, 2.80) | 12.18 (1.73, 2.76) |
| SLEDAI-2K | 1.06 (1.04, 1.09) | 1.09 (1.07, 1.12) |
| Overall treatment centre effect | P < 0.0001d | P < 0.0001d |
| Total dose, mg | % difference (95% CI) | % difference (95% CI) |
| Disease duration (years) | — | −9.35 (−12.27, −6.34) |
| On antimalarial (yes/no) | −36.26 (−55,96, −7.76) | — |
| On immunosuppressant (yes/no) | 94.61 (33.81, 183.06) | 158.98 (102.39, 231.39) |
| Overall treatment centre effect | P < 0.0001d | P < 0.0001 |
a
Cf. Caucasians.
b
Defined as systolic blood pressure ≥130 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mmHg or taking anti-hypertensive medication.
c
Defined as any past or current history of diabetes.
d
Overall variation between treatment centres shown here as P-values for chi-square test. Further detail of between centre differences shown in Table 6.
*
Non-significant. GC: glucocorticoid.