Table 2.
Odds Ratios for Autism Spectrum Disorder According to Reproductive Tract Disorder Status (n = 224,598), Israel, 1999–2016
| Condition | ICD-9-Based Case Definition | Stricter ASD Case Definition | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. of Boys | Total No. | % | Crude | Multivariable-Adjusteda | No. of Boys | Total No. | % | Crude | Multivariable-Adjusteda | |||||
| OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | |||||||
| Neither | 3,674 | 213,213 | 1.7 | 1.00 | Referent | 1.00 | Referent | 2,613 | 213,213 | 1.2 | 1.00 | Referent | 1.00 | Referent |
| Either | 318 | 11,385 | 2.8 | 1.62 | 1.45, 1.82 | 1.62 | 1.44, 1.82 | 227 | 11,385 | 2.0 | 1.63 | 1.42, 1.86 | 1.61 | 1.41, 1.85 |
| Hypospadiasb | 124 | 4,141 | 3.0 | 1.68 | 1.40, 2.02 | 1.65 | 1.38, 1.98 | 98 | 4,141 | 2.4 | 1.87 | 1.53, 2.30 | 1.79 | 1.46, 2.20 |
| Cryptorchidismb | 204 | 7,524 | 2.7 | 1.53 | 1.33, 1.76 | 1.55 | 1.34, 1.78 | 137 | 7,524 | 1.8 | 1.44 | 1.21, 1.71 | 1.46 | 1.23, 1.74 |
Abbreviations: ASD, autism spectrum disorder; CI, confidence interval; ICD-9, International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision; OR, odds ratio.
a Results were adjusted for maternal age at delivery, maternal residential district, socioeconomic status, residential enumeration area minority group representation (percentages of residents in 4 minority groups: Ultraorthodox Jews, Israeli Arabs, Ethiopians, and Russians), and child’s birth year.
b All models of hypospadias and cryptorchidism as individual exposures additionally adjusted for the other condition.