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. 2018 Jan 30;187(4):871–878. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwx317

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© The Author(s) 2018. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Figure 3. — Sex-specific adjusted risk difference for 1-year lung cancer mortality according to different double-robust estimators among 183,426 lung cancer patients diagnosed after admittance to an emergency department versus persons with a nonemergency cancer diagnosis, England, 2006–2013. A) women; B) men. Bars, 95% confidence intervals. AIPTW, augmented inverse-probability-of-treatment weighting; BF-AIPTW, best-fit augmented inverse-probability-of-treatment weighting (data-adaptive estimation based on Akaike’s Information Criterion (AIC) and the Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC)); BF-IPTW-RA, best-fit inverse-probability-of-treatment-weighted regression adjustment (data-adaptive estimation based on AIC-BIC); IPTW-RA, inverse-probability-of-treatment-weighted regression adjustment; TMLE, targeted maximum likelihood estimation (data-adaptive estimation based on ensemble learning and k-fold cross-validation).