Figure 5.

Relationships between metazoan phyla and their closest relatives and the extent of their epigenomic characterization. Taxons for which the correct phylogenetic relationships is still to be conclusively established (such as the position of Ctenophora relative to other metazoans [201–205], the monophyly of poriferans and the overall relationships between non-bilaterian clades [206] and the placement of Chaetognatha [207], Acoelomorpha [208, 209], Xenoturbellida [209, 210] and others) are incorporated as unresolved branches on the cladogram, with Orthonectida and Dicyemida (tentatively placed in Lophotrochozoa [211]) being omitted. Phyla in which at least some epigenomic studies have been carried out are indicated on the right-hand side with the corresponding genus names for the main taxa studied. Lineages without published sequenced genomes have been left blank. Note that CTCF has been lost in some nematodes such as C. elegans but is present in other members of the phylum.