Fig. 2.

In situ GISAXS and ex situ SEM measurements. a–e The in situ GISAXS patterns recorded during the self-assembly of PNSs at the air/water interface of the LB trough at the surface pressures of 0, 0.2, 10.4, 17.6, 18.3 mN m⁻¹ and the corresponding areas per particle are 3.68 × 10⁻², 2.82 × 10⁻², 2.30 × 10⁻², 2.13 × 10⁻², and 1.99 × 10⁻² μm², respectively (marked as diamonds in Fig. 1c). f–j The ex situ SEM images of the dried PNSs on silicon substrates taken from the LB trough at the same assembling stages as the in situ GISAXS measurements (all the scale bars are 1.5 μm)