Table 1.

Motion kinematic parameters representing subpopulations of bovine sperm with defined trajectories identified in DMSS-sorted frozen-thawed spermatozoa used in AI which resulted in successful fertilization, pregnancy, and healthy live births

Kinematic parameters	Subpopulations of microfluidic-sorted sperm
	Rapid linear progressive nonsinuous (PN) (mean ± SD) (range)	Transitional sinuous (TS) (mean ± SD) (range)
VSL, μm/s	89.3 ± 10.7 a (60.1–201.0)	44.5 ± 4.5 b (19.5–98.3)
VCL, μm/s	176.9 ± 25.3 a (55.3–227.2)	120.7 ± 27.3 b (78.8–227.2)
VAP, μm/s	107.8 ± 20.0 a (73.3–205.0)	70.8 ± 25.2 b (21.1–101.3)
STR, %	86.3 ± 4.4 a (44.8–99.8)	68.5 ± 12.7 b (11.7–99)
LIN, %	53.0 ± 2.9 a (42.6–99.9)	40.7 ± 13.2 b (20–60)
ALH, μm	3.5 ± 0.6 a (1.4–12.0)	2.6 ± 0.4 b (1.0–11.8)
BCF, Hz	14.5 ± 1.2 a (9.7–22.0)	9.6 ± 3.4 b (0.8–22.0)
Mean proportion in recovered DMSS-sorted population, %	67.6 ± 2.6	78.6 ± 20.0

Different letters (a and b) indicate significant differences between subpopulations (P < 0.05). Two subpopulations (PN and TS) are identified from the whole population of 100% viable and progressively motile DMSS-sorted spermatozoa. Values for each parameter are presented as the mean ± SEM, n = 5 for rapid, linear, progressive, and nonsinuous subpopulation, and n = 5 for transitional sinuous subpopulation.