Fig. 4.

Effect of mixed heterochiral membranes on E. coli cells detected by double staining with FM4-64 and DAPI. Lipid staining showing elongated and thinner cells in the engineered strain compared with the control, the presence of membrane associated spots in the engineered strain. Double staining with FM4-64 and DAPI showing the presence of appendages surrounded by a lipid layer and the presence of DNA. Presence of irregular division sites in engineered cells compared with the symmetrical division septum present in the wild-type cells. (Scale bar: 5 μm.)