TABLE 2.

Baseline and Final MIMIC Model Estimates of Current Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND): Testing Measurement Invariance Across Birth Cohort Using <1945 as the Reference Group

Parameter	β, Baseline Model	β, Final Model	Effect Size r²
Standardized loadings
FTND1	0.680^***	0.680^***
FTND2	0.574^***	0.560^***
FTND3	0.415^***	0.419^***
FTND4	0.454^***	0.466^***
FTND5	0.463^***	0.466^***
FTND6	0.598^***	0.583^***
Nicotine dependence on cohort
Cohort: <1945	Reference	Reference
Cohort: 1945–1975	0.171^***	0.178^***
Cohort: >1975	0.034	0.039
Direct effects
FTND1 Cohort: < 1945		Reference
Cohort: 1945–1975		n.s.
Cohort: >1975		n.s.
FTND2 Cohort: <1945		Reference
Cohort: 1945–1975		0.100^***	0.0015
Cohort: >1975		0.126^***	0.0024
FTND3 Cohort: <1945		Reference
Cohort: 1945–1975		−0.041^*	0.0003
Cohort: >1975		−0.061^**	0.0007
FTND4 Cohort: <1945		Reference
Cohort: 1945–1975		−0.118^***	0.0022
Cohort: >1975		−0.150^***	0.0035
FTND5 Cohort: <1945		Reference
Cohort: 1945–1975		−0.046^*	0.0004
Cohort: >1975		−0.061^**	0.0007
FTND6 Cohort: <1945		Reference
Cohort: 1945–1975		0.103^***	0.0016
Cohort: >1975		0.111^***	0.0019
Model fit summary
Chi-Square (d.f.), p- value	4364.34 (39), p<.001	4213.75 (29), p<.001
CFI	0.478	0.495
RMSEA	0.108	0.123

Notes: FTND1: Time to first cigarette; FTND2: Difficult to refrain in places; FTND3 Cigarette most hate to give up; FTND4: Cigarettes Per Day; FTND5: Smoke more in the morning; FTND6: Smoke while sick. n.s., not significant. The baseline model is unadjusted for measurement invariance. The final model adjusts for significant measurement invariance. All models also controlled for study sample.

p<0.05,

^**

p<0.01,

^***

p<0.001.